Elements of Crime

Elements of a Crime (Actus Reus & Mens Rea) Model Lesson Plan Source: Original lesson plan. Handout #2 from David Crump, Criminal Law: Cases, Statutes, And Lawyering Strategies, Lexis Nexis 2005 pg. 117-18. I. Goals: by the end of this class sstudents should have a sthrong foundation for reading criminal statutes and differentiating ssimilar crimes. II. Objectives a. Knowledge objectives: as a result of this class sstudents will be better able to: i. define â€Å"Actus Reus† and â€Å"Mens Rea† ii. understand the different gradations of Mens Rea iii. nderstand the differences between Washington’s homicide statutes b. Skills objectives: as a result of this class sstudents will be better able to: i. read a statute carefully and apply it to fact patterns ii. present and defend their interpretations of the law c. Attitude objectives: i. Sstudents should understand that the severity of criminal punishments can vary greatly depending on the defendant’s mental st ate in a manner that is largely consistent with the general societal belief that intentionally wrongful acts are worse than unintentional, but still wrongful acts. ii.Sstudents should carefully consider the potentially harsh results that occur when legislatures replace mens rea with strict liability. III. Methods (1)Distribute Handout #1 (Hypos) (2)Read the introductory hypothetical aloud as a class. Ask for volunteers to answer the questions. a. The class should come to the conclusion that Frank did â€Å"cause† Bill’s death in the sense that if he hadn’t moved the mirror in the particular way he did at that exact time, the window washer wouldn’t have been blinded and Bill wouldn’t have slipped. This is a good example of â€Å"but for† or â€Å"actual causation† as used in Handout #2.However, the law typically only imposes liability where the defendant’s conduct is the â€Å"proximate cause† of the harmful event/ crime. b. However, it seems like Frank didn’t do anything â€Å"wrong. † Try to elicit why this result seems wrong and write the class’s ideas on the whiteboard. (3)Distribute Handout #2 (Elements) (4)Handout #2 Walk through the Elements handout. Be careful to explain that not all of the elements are always present in a criminal statute. For example, attempted murder doesn’t have a harm element and parking violations don’t have a mens rea element, e. g. ne can receive a parking citation for parking in a handicapped spot even if it was unintentional or an accident. Furthermore, the elements aren’t perfectly discrete and there is some overlap. (5)Distribute Handout #3 (Statutes) a. Explain that the groups will be analyzing the hypos with respect to the statutes provided in Handout #3. The Grades of Homicide are meant to demonstrate the changes mens rea. b. Walk through the statutes and give a thumbnail sketch of i. First degree murder: 1. Premeditat ed killing. An intentional killing that was deliberate and contemplated prior to the killing. . Extreme Indifference. Covers the possibility that someone knows that what they are going to do will result in the death of another person, but at the same time doesn’t â€Å"intend† to kill. See the bomb hypo in handout # 1. ii. Second degree murder 1. Intentional killing without premeditation. The classic example is a passion killing where the homicide occurs in the heat of the moment. iii. First degree manslaughter 1. Recklessness. Conscious awareness of an unacceptable risk to human life. Recklessness is ssimilar to extreme indifference, but the risk that human life will be lost is less. v. Second degree manslaughter 1. Criminal negligence. Gross deviation from standard of care. v. Statutory rape 1. No mens rea. Strict liability with a limited affirmative defense where minor misrepresents age. In an effort to protect minor children, state legislatures have placed an incre ased burden to ascertain age on the older party. (6)Break into groups of 3-5 to apply statutes to Hypos 1-5. Have groups designate a reporter and a recorder. The recorder should write each of the group members’ names on the top of handout #1 and also record the group’s aanswers on the space provided.The Reporter is responsible for explaining the group’s reasoning and conclusion when the class reconvenes. (7)Reconvene Class: call on each group to present their analysis of one hypo. Ask questions to push them in the right direction if you think they missed something or ask questions forcing them to defend their aanswers if you think they got it right. Note to teacher: suggested aanswers to the hypotheticals are on a separate sheet at the end of this lesson plan. (8)Take-away: mens rea standards vary widely from premeditated intent to strict liability.You need to read statutes carefully to determine the correct standard. IV. Evaluation a. Group performance on writt en responses to Hypos1-5 and class discussion. V. Assignment a. Write a one page response to the following question: Shcould Melvin be punished for his relationship with Laura? If not, please explain why. How do you think Washington’s statutory rape statute should be changed? If you think that Melvin should be punished, please explain why. Handout #1: Hypothetical Scenarios Introductory Hypo: Frank is helping his friend move into a downtown Seattle condo.While unloading a large mirror from the moving truck, the bright sunlight hits the mirror and reflects against the 40th floor of the skyscraper across the street which temporarily blinds a window washer and causes him to stumble. During this moment of temporary blindness, lasting about a second and a half, the window washer inadvertently kicks over his window washing bucket onto the street below. The water and soap from the bucket hit the sidewalk right in front of Bill the jogger. Bill was unable to stop before stepping on t he slippery sidewalk, causing him to lose his balance and fall.When Bill fell, he hit his head on the sidewalk. Bill died two weeks later from his head injury. Suppose that Washington law provides: Anyone who causes the death of another person shall be guilty of murder. Wcould Frank be guilty of murder under this law? Shcould he be? Group Exercise Hypos Instructions: Nominate someone in your group to be the recorder and another person to be the class reporter. Read each hypothetical and determine which statute, if any, applies to the facts of the hypothetical and whether the defendant has violated the statute.Hypo #1: Sarah is held at gun point by Roger on a rooftop. Roger tells Sarah that she must shoot and kill Steven. Sarah pleads with Roger to let her go and that she does not want to kill Steven. Roger tells Sarah that unless she successfully shoots and kills Steven, he will kill Sarah and her entire family. Roger has a violent reputation and Sarah has no reason to believe that Roger will not follow through with his threat. Roger identifies Steven walking on the other side of the street and tells Sarah to take the shot.Fearing for the safety of her family and herself, Sarah takes careful aim at Steven, gauges the wind and change in elevation, and fires a precise shot penetrating Steven’s heart. What crimes if any has Sarah committed?

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation The Vroom Expectancy Theory is â€Å"based on the premise that telt needs cause human behavior† and that motivation strength depends on an Individual's degree of desire to perform a behavior (Certo ; certo, 2008). As an Individual recognizes a need, they will more than likely employ an action to satisfy that need. The motivational strength will also fluctuate correspondingly with their desire. If the desire Increases, so will the motivation.The opposite Is true as well. In equation form, motivation strength equals the perceived result value of performing behavior multiplied by the perceived robability that the result will actually materialize (Certo ; Certo, 2008). For example, consider anovice stockbroker in training who was has been given a one-month probationary period to earn a position and make $500 commission from any successful trades. Assuming they really want the Job. the motivation strength. r desire would be calculated as th eir perception of the value of that position with the bonus in relation to their perception of the probability that they can successfully trade during the trial. As the stockbroker's perceived value of the two rewards and erceived probability that they would be able to achieve increases, their motivation strength to obtain those rewards will also increase. To put it briefly, the key to the Vroom expectancy Expectancy tTheory is whether the individual perceives a positive relationship between ettort, performance, and reward.The advantages and Ilmltatlons of the vroom Expectancy Theory can be expressed as follows (Expectancy Theory of Motivation): Advantages of the Expectancy Theory It Is based on self-interest individuals who want to achieve maximum satisfaction and who want to minimize dissatisfaction. ? This theory stresses upon the expectations and perception; what Is real and actual Is Immaterial. It emphasizes on rewards or pay-offs. It focuses on psychological extravagance wher e final objective of Individual is to attain maximum pleasure and least pain.Limitations of the Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory seems to be idealistic because quite a few individuals perceive high degree correlation between performance and rewards. The application of this theory is limited. as reward is not directly correlated with performance In many organizations. It is related to other parameters also such as osition, effort, responsibility, education, etc. lnA Question of Motivationcase study, the Vroom Expectancy Theory relates to both workers.The theory suggests that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts, performance, and rewards (Expectancy Theory of Motivation). In the case of Alex, he is not motivated at all to perform his duties assigned by Dan due to the lack ot rewards received tor his efforts. He sarcastically stated,†l don't even care anymore. what's the point? If I stock more apples, or somethin g meaningless like that, hat does It get me-another sucker that says ‘good Job? HIS performance and efforts does not have a positive Impact on the correlation to his rewards, which decreases his motivation strength. Stephanie on the other hand has a different relationship with her boss Jonathon and appears very motivated by the reward he will offer for Stephanie illustrated her enthusiasm by saying â€Å"lif I sell the oil Jonathon said that he'll give me a $75 bonus,. Sso I'm definitely going to give it a shot. † Her motivation strength is determined by her perception of the $75 bonus and probability that she can sell the oil to receive that reward.As her perceived value of the $75 reward and perceived probability that she can successfully sell the oil increases, her motivation strength to sell 10 bottles of truffle oil next week also increases. In both situations, the Vroom Expectancy Theory illustrates how it â€Å"is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the po tential reward to the individual†(Expectancy Theory of Motivation). Antoine, I think this is a great paper, however, the first two pages you are giving us a lot of information on what Vroom Theory is and not a lot of how it relates to the case study†¦ again, it is a great paper though :

History of Immigration to the United States Essay

History of Immigration to the United States - Essay Example ormation relative to the history of immigration to the US is quite exhaustive because the author has included not only the historical causes of immigration but also the social, economic and political impacts that immigration created on these people. Such aspects strongly influenced the achievements and social lives of these people who migrated from different parts of the world in creating a diversified diaspora, which in turn contributed to altering the social structure of the country in different ways. The book examines historical issues relative to the consequences of citizenship, diasporic, gender, identity and nationality for both old and new immigrant groups such as Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans and White Americans. The author’s efforts are noteworthy because there is very less literature throwing light on both ethnic and race relations in the US and the issues can be meaningfully understood only from the perspective of the history of immigration that has been commendably examined by Tsuda (Tsuda, 2010). The author has carried out a proportional research through multi site studies that focused on immigrant and ethnic minorities during different periods and in different regions of the country from a viewpoint that focused upon the diasporic and transnational perspectives relative to their cultural practices, ethno-national identity, socio-economic mrginalization and concepts of native land and home. It becomes known in the context of history of immigration in the US as outlined in Tsuda’s book that immigration has had a major impact upon the structure, dissemination and size of the American population. Given that fertility and mortality rates in the country have been declining, the role of immigration in the past several decades has been gradually increasing in impacting local, state and national populations. Tsuda has examined the historical experiences and practices of ethnic immigrants through several decades as they migrated

Structure and Transition of Paragraphs and Sentence Construction Essay

Structure and Transition of Paragraphs and Sentence Construction - Essay Example Paragraphs could be made a little more cohesive and interwoven, at times your paragraph comprises of just a quote that can be avoided. Do try to add your own reflection/judgment on the quotes, which are great if aptly used. Your paragraph transitions are pretty ok but you need to put in your judgment for every episode so that your thesis will appear cohesive and well stretched out rather than expanded just for the heck of it. Probably you must have read/discussed some other works in class on similar lines do remember to draw comparisons as that will display a far greater understanding on your part. Your conclusion seems to be pretty much the same as you had started with, so probably your conclusion should contain a sort of wrap up of the thesis. You may stress the fact that men were absolutely vulnerable and did not learn from past mistakes. Bring out the weakness in their characters, you can show the strength of a woman’s character here, you may refer to Plutarch. Your senten ce structure is fine, you have basically used simple sentences which convey the meaning clearly you need to be a little careful with your vocabulary though for E.G. â€Å"ejected† is used more thrusting something out in this case â€Å"expelled† is more appropriate. You need to be a little careful with your grammar, I think more with the use of prepositions. While writing a thesis in Literature you actually need to include a lot of your own judgment rather than just incidents from the book. This will help you in expanding your answer to the desired level.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 19

Assignment - Essay Example that includes export control, protectionism, strategic trade policy incorporating foreign direct investment (FDI), capital controls, and regulation, antitrust, and competition policy. There are groups of small businesses that require political protection. These also require economic laws to be protected especially from the competition of foreign projects such as Saudization. It is defined as goods imported from abroad. It leads to abandoning local goods. There are several methods that can be used to protect these businesses and include import tariffs. This is a tax imposed by the government on goods imported from abroad. Whether service or commodity, quotas that are importing goods must follow certain laws. Tax cuts to local businesses are taxes taken from a local business. This is done directly by a state. Protectionism it is a kind of trade policy. In addition, the antitrust and competition policies are also used to protect the local economy for the small businesses in the country. The antitrust policy erases professional competition from large companies. Additionally, it promotes laws that prohibit monopolization, which affects the profit making capacity of th e smaller businesses in the area. This also helps in preventing large companies from growing to the point that they gain strong control of the market as compared to other companies. This can also be viewed as preventing one organization from controlling the entire market. The presumed anti- competitive behavior prices are too high. There are benefits to companies if they follow the antitrust laws such as the use of national resources in a professional manner and having a more localized growth, achievement of stability in prices for both output and employment. If the figures of imports were rising disproportionately to export figures, imports would be more than exports. It must be specified which goods can be exported to the outside. These laws protect the domestic economy of the country from the impact

Who Are the Spellbinders Identifying Personal Attributes of Assignment

Who Are the Spellbinders Identifying Personal Attributes of Charismatic Leaders - Assignment Example ll need much more; they must put in more effort and have a better understanding of the organizational behavior, which, in the long run, increases the company’s performance. The thing that inspired me about the article is the fact that the author refers charismatic leaders to spellbinders, meaning that such leaders have a magnetic personality and vibrant speaking and communication skills, which inspire the people following them to attain greater levels of success and better performance. This is a powerful article that researches more about leadership, and especially so charismatic leaders. Jung and Sosik (2006), suggest that although numerous researches have been done about leadership, not much has been done to understand fully the difference between a regular leader and a charismatic one. The research revealed that charismatic leaders are more respected. This is because they possess a kind of drive that is not found in just any leader. Such a leader is outstanding, and their performance outdoes that of many other leaders. This is true even in an organizational setting, whereby a company that enjoys the leadership of a charismatic leader attains its goals and succeeds in their endeavors. The main conclusions of this research were as follows; a comparison was made between managers who have high against those who have lower ratings of charisma in leadership. The outcome was outstanding. The results showed that the popular thought that charismatic leaders tend to work harder are self-motivated, and self-monitors are true. Jung and Sosik (2006) concluded that managers who keenly participate in impression management and had more motivation about self-actualization was regarded as a charismatic leader. On the other hand, the two groups showed a common interest in their attitude towards change. It was surprising to note that even leaders who are not termed as charismatic were seen as agents of change, because it is an attribute that has been widely associated with

Marketing Approaches Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Approaches - Term Paper Example This is due to the concept of moral hazard when it comes to consuming health care products and services through insurance financing. Handling health care products and services in the health care markets must put into account all the aspects highlighted above. The spending decisions and buyer behaviors of consumers in health care markets are influenced by more variables compared to their counterparts in the consumer goods markets. Health care marketers must assess and evaluate the approaches that different consumers use to derive good health. Some opt for preventative measures, others choose curative or both. Therefore, the marketing approach chosen should critically identify the different markets segments that exist and the product or service differentiation variables employed. Marketing consumer goods and services focuses on the rationality of consumers. Consumers exhibit rationality in the sense that they prefer consumer baskets that are high in quality and cheap in terms of cost. The primary objective of a consumer in the consumer goods and services markets is to maximize utility. Consumers aim at getting more value than they actually pay for. To achieve this, the pricing policies adopted by sellers must favor consumption needs of consumers in order to maximize their welfare in buying goods and services bundles. Unlike in marketing health care products, consumer goods and services are not characterized by moral hazard due to the fact that consumers personally meet their expenditure. Consumption is purely based on the purchasing power of an individual consumer. Consumers with high purchasing power will ultimately buy more than those with lower purchasing power. On the same note, consumption of consumer... Marketing Approaches The nature of the products or services being marketed and the targeted markets are crucial to account for because they critically identify the different market segments that exist, and subsequently guide marketers in undertaking their respective duties and responsibilities. Although both health care and consumer goods markets deal with both products and services, the nature of marketing practices significantly vary due to product or service uniqueness and product or service differentiation in these markets. Marketers in both health care and consumer goods markets seek to capture a significant market share that maximizes market benefits in terms of sales, revenue generation, and profit making. Marketers in these two markets adopt different marketing approaches that work best in their respective markets. A health care marketer has to understand that health care products and services are characterized by derived demand rather than direct demand (Getzen, 2010). This implies that demand f or health care is the outcome of the need for good health. Good health can be realized from both curative and preventative measures, both of which constitute demand for health care. Service delivery is another aspect that experiences ethical violations. The firm should be morally responsible for its decisions, practices, and operations. The crafted policy should encompass programs that are designed to collect feedback at both the firm and the target markets in relation to service delivery.

The Disconnect of Fashion Advertising with Young Females Dissertation

The Disconnect of Fashion Advertising with Young Females - Dissertation Example Researchers suggest advertising media may adversely impact women’s body image† – [Online] Available at: www.healthyplace.com [Accessed February 2011] â€Å"For centuries individuals or societies have used clothes and another body adornment as a form of nonverbal communication to indicate occupation, rank, gender, sexual availability, locality, class, and wealth and group affiliation. Fashion is a form of free speech. It not only embraces clothing but also accessories, jewelry, hairstyles, beauty, and body art. What we wear and how and when we wear it, provides others with the shorthand to subtly read the surface of a social situation.† -[Online] Available at www.fashion-ersociology_semiotics.com [Accessed February 2011] With the peer pressure of being socially accepted in different environments, fashion is even more so an issue with the younger generation of females. Research has shown that 70% of women who regularly read fashion magazines consider them t o be an important source of beauty and fitness information. -[Online] Available at www.healthyplace.com [Accessed February 2011] In a study carried out by Peck and Loken in 2004, entitled â€Å"When will larger-sized female models in advertisements are viewed positively?† It was stated that a quarter of those that were analyzed, were women that reported they did have a strong interest in imitating fashion models, hence there seems to be a disconnect between the images used by fashion advertisers and the impact on female consumers. As consumers, we are always being bombarded with fashion in many different ways. The newest look or the trendiest color is constantly in our faces by many different methods- if it is not by billboard it is by magazine, television and even on the foods that we eat, Influences even come from music that we listen to with music videos. Fashion is everywhere and it is something we can’t get away from. â€Å"Fashion style is important. Your clot hes make your fashion statement, and how you're perceived. Stand straight and carry yourself with grace. You will radiate self-confidence.† -[Online] Available at www.zinearticles.com [Accessed March 2011] However, the way in which advertisers of fashion clothing portray young females in their advertising, does not necessarily seem to correspond with the way that young females want to be viewed. Rational/Usefulness of the project The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and determine whether fashion advertising uses relevant imagery to have an impact on young females today.  Thus the research will try and provide advertisers of fashion clothing with a deeper insight and helpful observations into understanding their audience, their young female customers. Overview of the role of female imagery in fashion advertising †¦ Research Objectives The main aim of the project is to try and prove whether there is or there is not a disconnect between how advertisers advertise fash ion to females. The focus will be on an audience of 18-25-year-old female students at London South Bank University that are fashion conscious.

Tiny toes ltd.How to start quality child care business Essay Example for Free

Tiny toes ltd.How to start quality child care business Essay Tiny toes ltd Introduction Importance of having accurate financial information in decision-making                   In the Tiny toes ltd, Sandra has no accuracy on the financial information. This makes the planning of the new projects of the new nursery and running of the business she has more difficult. Sandra needs to come up with accurate financial information on the finances of the business. It will help her have valuable data on the financial position of her company. It will also enable her determine its weaknesses and strength that intern assist her in evaluating the amount of capital needed to plan or start a new business (Way, 2014, n. p.). Apart from that, accurate financial information will help to maintain accuracy of taxes and ensure that additional duties imposed on the Tiny toes ltd are paid.                   Accurate financial information provides clear statement to investors in evaluating the business financial performance. By this communication will be available to the interested parties who want to contribute to the new projects of Sandra’s business. It will give them an easy way to determine accurate amount needed to finance the project completely. The investors and the contributors of the business rely on the accurate financial information for the safety and profitability of their investments (Way, 2014, n.p.). In the plan of starting a new business, she has to lay down the statements of finances for the budget needed like indentifying all income and expenses for the entire organization. She has to establish the time and period the budget will last and the capital required. By coming up with all this accurate financial information of Tiny toes ltd, she will able to access information on the past performance and the capital they have in hand. This will help to switch to another alternative incase a problem emerges in planning a new project.                   Consequently accurate financial information will help the banks and lenders to know if her business will be able to pay for the loan borrowed to avoid misfortunes in future (Way, 2014, n.p.). Apart from that, it will prevent the banks and lenders from stopping their support on her business through loans. Balance sheet is also part of financial information. Sandra needs to generate a balance sheet that will assess her business annually. The balance sheet will help determine the financial health of Tiny toes ltd. It will also help her have information on the productivity of the business and amount of capital that is retained. However, it will provide information on the flow of the business in terms of how fast or slow the assets are and how to convert them into capital. Tiny toes will be able to determine financial state they are in a specific time. With all the details of the financial information Sandra’s business will have a clear understanding o n how to come up with other new projects and how they will flourish.                   The benefits of Tiny toes having accurate cash flow in beginning a new nursery in GuildfordBusiness plans and cash flow also plays a big role on the progress of a business. This is what need to be initiated in Sandra’s a business to help the executives in the internal planning. The business plan will help in the application of loans and even borrow money from other lenders (Wasserman, 2010, p. 1) to support the projects. Lack of business plan in her business may lead to the downfall of Tiny toes ltd. By the business plan ahead, she will be able to identify the goals and objectives needed for the company to achieve its dream. However it will also help her determine the services needed to deliver in her project in Guildford. Provision of business plan for Tiny toes ltd will help to display the performance of her business and the goals ahead to start a new nursery and childcare centre.                   Another big role that the business plan plays is it reorganizes the business by making operational changes like reduction of expenses (Wasserman, 2010 n.p.). Nevertheless, it helps in the equity financing whereby banks and lenders are able to evaluate her business ability to take more loans if in need. As to cash flow, Sandra needs it to track and know the exchange of cash between Tiny toes and outside the business. The cash flow need to be done according to weekly and monthly basis to help monitor the flow of expenses and revenue. The cash flow is also important since it provides information on certain activities to notify Sandra so that she can know the impending danger in the business. In order to come up with accurate cash flow she should include aspects like cash receipts.                   The cash receipts include loans, private sources, fundraising and parents’ fees. However disbursement need to be included in the cash flow to provide information such as payroll expenses, supplies, maintenance, accounting and rent. All this details in the cash flow will help in calculating how much the company is making and if the profit incurred will help fund her new projects. Cash flow also helps in determining the changes in income and the balance sheet. The cash flow that Sandra needs, should be in different categories that is; operating activities, investigating, supplementary and financial activities (The globe mail, 2013, n.p). The investment cash flow will help determine changes on the long-term investment on the new nursery and childcare centre. It will also enable determine the rent needed in Guilford. Financial cash flow brings changes on stock needed and the payments needed for the interests of the shareholder.                   The operating cash on the other hand will enable Sandra view the records on the budget needed for starting a new business. All this shows how cash flow is very important in a business. It acts as a warning by identifying shortfalls in cash balances. It also helps in preparing budgets and helps sport payments problems by parents in the tiny toes business. If it is initiated in Tiny toes, Sandra will be able to know how her business generates profits and spends capital. It will also help her determine the technology improvements required in the new project of nursery and childcare centre. The business plan will help in good management her business. It will also help Sandra decide in her business whether to rent a new space in Guilford or not and initiates discussion of the objectives with the employees, partners and investors of her business. Problems and financial information that Sandra has to prepare and additional information needed to make a right decision                   The financial information of Sandra regarding Tiny toes and new projects of a new nursery and childcare centre is incomplete. In her information she only states the insurance, rent, rates, recruitment training, loans, wages, fixed prices and monthly charged price. She has left out the budget which is a very important thing in starting a new project. She has to come up with organizational and program budgets. Organizational budgets should indicate the income and expenses in Tiny toes ltd for a certain period of time (Child care center, 2009, p. 14). It should also show the anticipated expenses and income of the company since she wants to develop a childcare center.                   Sandra should give details of her budget in the way that it shows the expenses needed to start a new project of childcare center. It should also analyze expenses of each child according to time and the first class services offered to children from wealthy families. This will help in tracking the costs since everything is evaluated separately. In her information, she should state the time and period the budget will cover to determine amount required for it. Another thing that is not included in her financial statement is the report of the planner who will be in charge of monitoring the new business she wants to start. However, she has also skipped the aspect of licensing. Licensing may have many expenses that need high rate of funding (Mississippi, 2011, p. 11). It may include aspects such as safety codes and health care expenses because Medical examining is required for both the staff employed and children when dealing with a childcare center.                   Expenses for things like fire regulators also need to be included since they are the first priorities in her business to enhance safety. In her information she has only left out little details that seem to be not costly. When all of these little costs are put together they form a large expense that requires more help from the capital sector. By including all the details and coming up with an accurate financial information she will come up with her projects in a more efficient way. There will be no extra expense that will, destruct her planning. It will also help lenders and investors have clear information on the amount needed to fund the new projects. Problems experienced by Tiny toes in trying to generate internal finance in form of retained business                   Tiny toes have problems in generating internal finance due to the emerging competition which is increasing. The competitors that have nurseries provide the same services that Sandra’s company does. Their fees is less costly and due to that it poses a high risk to the progress of Tiny toes ltd. They are able to generate more capital than tiny toes and expand their services as compared to Sandra as a result of less cost. Due to this parents tend to take children to the competitors nursery than in Tiny toes ltd. Apart from that, Tiny toes will be forced to cut some costs that will drive away the staff and also students due lack of quality services.                   Lack of accurate financial information makes it difficult for her business to come up with a budget. However, a lot of capital is lost in things that are not necessary. Sandra’s business lacks plan and this is what destroys its capability to generate internal finance. Business plan is very important since investors are not able to invest in a business due to lack of clear information inform of cash-flow contained in it. This is the main things that that help in planning. Through business planning the Tiny toes will be able to understand how much profits the business will make and children needed in order to achieve more profits. This are the things that Sandra need to keep in mind in order to generate expand her business. Problems that Toes will encounter in the development of new projects                   Tiny toes will encounter problems in financial sector in the new project. This is due to high rent in Guildford and also adding more services only to capture the wealthy business may will bring loss to the business. In her projects she expands her business only to capture children who come from wealthy families. This shows they are not able to generate more internal profit. Tiny toes ltd does not expand its market share to capture children who come from at least less wealthy families. Relying on only one market share lowers the performance of the business especially in the financial aspect leading to low profit. Apart from that, tiny toes do not have accurate financial information. This shows that Sandra does not have information on the position of the business financially.                   In order for the Sandra’s business to prosper and generate more profit. She needs to expand her business by reflecting on both markets. She should focus on both wealthy and poor people. She needs also to keep in mind of the accurate financial information, business plan and cash flows in running the nursery and child care centers. She should also be aware of the competitors by coming up with more efficient plans that will make her secure her business and acquire a more large market share. Regarding the new projects she needs to take it slow by focusing on one project at a time. Focusing on both projects will lead to the downfall of her business since it will require a large amount of capital. Putting all this into consideration she will be able to plan other projects. Concentrating on one project at a time may save a company from bankruptcy. References Child care center (2009) financial planning and facilities development manual. Retrieved on 4th December 2014. http://www.buildingchildcare.net/uploads/pdfs/CCCManualFINAL07.pdf Mississippi (2011). How to start quality child care business. Retrieved on 4th December 2014. http://www.mdhs.state.ms.us/media/16085/pub_mp29.pdf The globe and mail.(2013). The importance of operating cash flow for small business. Retrieved on 4th December 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-money/cash-flow/the-importance-of-operating-cash-flow-for-small-businesses/article15134561/ Wasserman ,E.(2010). How to write the financial section of a business plan. Retrieved on 4th December 2014.http://www.inc.com/guides/business-plan-financial-section.html Way,J. (2014). What is the importance of financial statements. Retrieved on 4th December 2014.http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-companys-financial-statements-21332.html Source document

Statement of Cash Flow Essay Example for Free

Statement of Cash Flow Essay The importance of cash the cash flow statement help businesses and creditors understand how liquid a company is. Team A discussed some important factors about the statement of cash flow. The purpose of the statement of cash flow and how it is used in accounting is explained. The direct and indirect method of preparing a statement is used. Steps in preparation and classification are explained. The team also examines things that they struggled with and also things that they were comfortable with. The purpose of the statement of cash flow Statement of cash flows purpose is to provide information of cash payment, cash receipt of a business during a period. It also provides answer to question for future investors wanting to make investment in the company. The investors will looks at the business cash flow statement â€Å"where did the cash come from during the period, what was the cash used for during the period, what was the change in the cash balance during the period† (Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010, p. 198). This shows the business economic and solvency which is more attracted to the investors. The statement of cash flow reports has four major categories, and they are 1) Cash effect of operating during a period. 2) Investing transactions transaction. 3) Financing transaction and 4) the net cash increase or decrease during the period. Between the four every aspect of a business transaction is covered. Statement of cash flow documents shows incoming and outgoing cash of the business. The document makes available a direction in which help guide decision of potential investor, reader, or lender understand the company financial report. Because this document is prepared last it will show a company income statement, balance sheet, owner equity statement, as the result, the report adds validity and accountability to the company financial statements. For example, investors, analysts, potential investors, stockholders, and lender use the statement cash flow report to evaluate the financial strength of the business. How the statement of cash flow used in accounting A company will use the statement of cash flows to illustrate cash payments and receipt payments for a specific period. This report shows how cash changes because of transactions that occur in daily operations such as investment transactions, financing transactions. This report will illustrate to investors and managers the level of liquid resources the company has available. Understanding a company’s cash flow will show the source of cash, the uses for the cash spent, and the balance of cash at the end of the period. This report will tie the information given on the income statement and on the balance sheet. The combination information provided in these statements provides a company’s inflows and outflows of cash. The statement of cash flows removes transactions not related to cash events and allows a person to look at the areas within the business that generate cash or the areas that cause a loss of cash (Luft, 2012). Analyzing the statement of cash flow gives investors and managers a history of how the cash earned and how the cash was used along with the amount of cash remaining at the end of the month. The usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flow The usefulness of the statement of cash flow is for businesses to understand how they are dong financially. Businesses use the statement of cash flow to know how quickly their assets can be converted into cash. Creditors are concern about how they will be paid. When a company can produce a high amount of cash, they can pay their bills. The statement of cash flow also provides information about a companys spending habits. Because a company has net income does not mean their business thriving. Knowing the companys net cash will provide the information needed to know whether or not to do business with them (Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010). The inflow and out flow The statement of Cash Flow outlines the inflow and outflow of cash from a company for a given period. Inflows include the transfer of funds to a company from another party as a result of core operations, investments or financing (Nordmeyer, 2012). The inflow of cash is generated when businesses either sell their products or perform a service for revenue. Theses inflows can range from collections on accounts, monies from investors, or interest on loans. Cash outflow, on the other hand, is money leaving a company. The outflow of cash from a company can include dividends paid to stockholders, bills, or the materials purchased to complete the products a company sells. Steps in preparation There are three major steps in preparing a Cash Flow Statement. The first step is to â€Å"determine the change in cash† (). This is calculated by comparing the current year’s cash balance to the previous year’s cash balance. For example, XYZ Inc. has a cash balance on its balance sheet of $100,000 and $90,000 for years ending December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012 respectively. Their change in cash would be a decrease of $10,000. The second step is to â€Å"determine the net cash flow from operating activities† (). This step is depends on the method chosen. The â€Å"direct method reports cash receipts and disbursements from operating activities† (). XYZ, Inc. reported the following: revenues of $80,000, accounts receivables $20,000, accounts payable $30,000 and operating expenses of $50,000. To calculate the net cash flow they would subtract accounts receivable from revenues ($80,000-$20,000 = $60,000) to determine cash collected from revenues. Then, subtract accounts payable from operating expenses ($50,000-$30,000 = $20,000) to determine cash payments for expenses. Cash collected from revenues minus cash payments for expenses equals net cash provided by operating expenses ($40,000). This does not take into consideration income taxes. In contrast, the â€Å"indirect method adjusts net income for items that affected reported net income but did not affect cash. † This is done by adding back noncash charges in the income statement to the net income and deducting noncash credits (). Finally, the third step â€Å"determines the net cash flow from investing and financing activities. † This step determines â€Å"whether any other changes in balance sheet accounts caused an increase or decrease in cash† (). This step could include changes in common stock, retained earnings, or bonds. The hardest part in grasping the cash flow steps was learning when to add or subtract an increase or decrease. However, through research I could learn an increase in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and how accounts payable is subtracted and a decrease is added (Investopedia, 2012). Increases are added and decrease are subtracted for prepaid expenses and inventory (Investopedia, 2012). This week reflect on the statement of cash flow. Team A spoke about the importance of the statement of cash flow. It is need to determine where a company is financially. It is also use to understand the liquidity of a business. Why companies use the direct method or indirect method of preparing a statement is explained. Steps in preparation and classification are explained. The team also examines things that they struggled with and also things that they were comfortable with.