Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Essay - 1244 Words

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is one of the most prevalent childhood and adolescence disorder. ADHD world prevalence rates is around 5% and â€Å"range from 1% to 20% among school-age children (Sciotto, †¦2016, p. 35). There is a variability in prevalence rates across countries, which has led to researchers to question whether ADHD diagnosis reflects the norms and biases of western cultures. Even though the diagnosis are thought to reflect western cultures and norms, it has been difficult to agree professionally on what ADHD is, what should be done about it, and how it should be approached (Timimi, S. Taylor, E., 2003, p. 8). There is a lack of specific cognitive, metabolic, or neurological procedures and medical tests for ADHD. In addition to this lack, considering the different cultures adds to the difficulty of accurately identifying ADHD. It is, however, important to realize that culture plays an important role in identifying, diagnosing, an d treating ADHD. Variations in diagnostic practices, medication treatment prevalence, school system policies, and cultural attitudes influences the availability to services for ADHD (Scuitto et al., 2016, p.35). Since it is evident in every culture, Malaysia, a country in Asia, is not immune to attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Based on a parent-teacher ratings of Malaysian primary school-aged children, the prevalent rates for the three ADHD types, summarized by the Diagnostic and Statistical ManualShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder755 Words   |  3 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence on Adolescent Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence on Adolescent Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, abbreviated by ADHD, is a common behavioral disorder that affects roughly 10% of adolescent children. Though the reasoning behind causes for ADHD is not completely understood, it has been found that males are much more likely to be diagnosed, opposed to their female counterparts. ADHD causes childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1321 Words   |  6 Pageswith attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder due to certain characteristics that children are exhibiting and this is exacerbated by: behaviors that are developmentally appropriate, cultural differences between home and school, and the lack of knowledge of the symptoms and disorder that is ADHD. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder is one of the most prevalent conditions amongst youth nation wide. Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder also known as ADHD is a developmental brain disorder â€Å"characterizedRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1797 Words   |  8 Pages Neurodevelopmental Disorders Specifically Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Abby Hull Southern Illinois University Carbondale Neurodevelopmental Disorders Specifically Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder â€Å"ADHD: we think more things before breakfast than most people think all day† (â€Å"We Think†¦, 2012). â€Å"Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders in which the development of the central nervous system is disturbed. These disruptions can include developmentalRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, (AD/HD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impaired levels of inattention, disorganization, and hyperactivity- impulsivity. ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, while ADD stands for attention deficit disorder. ADHD is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual under neurodevelopmental disorders. (DSM-5). ADHD has been on the rise in the United States of America. Not only hasRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder748 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Well it is one of the most commonly developed disorders among children, teens and adults (National Institute of Mental Health). In fact 5-8% of school-aged children are affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Mikami, Reuland and Griggs). According to the Mayo Clinic staff, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a mental health condition exhibited by difficulty maintaining attention, as well as hyperactivity and impulsive behaviorRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder996 Words   |  4 PagesAttention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder are a disorder that greatly affects children, teens, and adults. Although it is most prominent and know about in children 10 and under adolescent and adult aged people also suffer. ADHD causes people to have a hard time sitting still or even focusing on one thing for a period of time. ADHD may be caused by Genetic, Neurobiological, or Psychological factors. ADHD may also be comorbid with another disorder. The first National ADHD Awareness day was on SeptemberRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder912 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or commonly known as ADHD, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, is an illness that causes inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A conservative 4.4 million children in the United States have been diagnosed with ADHD, with about 2.5 million children are prescribed a psychostimulant to help combat the symptoms that coincide with the disorder. While it is debated if ADHD is truly even a real mental disorder, theRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 797 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (also referred to as ADHD) is a common emotional and behavioural difficulty problem. According to the HADD Ireland Website (2014), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a medical/neurobiological condition in which the brains neurotransmitter chemicals, noradrenalin and dopamine do not work properly. ADHD is a disorder that without the correct detection, treatment and management can have considerable and long lasting effects and consequences for anRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1817 Words   |  8 PagesAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Mark C. Giesler University of Dayton Due to Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder not being recognized as a disability under IDEA, there is no legal or federal definition to reference. However, the most commonly used definition comes from the American Psychiatric Association, which states â€Å"The essential feature of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferesRead MoreAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Also Commonly1538 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, also commonly referred to as ADHD, is a disorder that affects one’s attention, activity and impulsivity. It is one of the most common neurobiological disorders among children and adolescents, and is diagnosed using the DSM-5, a class of neurodevelopmental disorders. According to Schug, Robert Fradella, Henry. (2015) DSM is, â€Å"The primary tool used in the United States to define and diagnose mental illnesses. The

How Astrophysics Is The Branch Of Astronomy - 1152 Words

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space. A few of the objects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. The study of our very own Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Our understanding of our own Sun serves as a guide to our understanding of other stars. Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quan tum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. Modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine: the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes, whether or not time travel is possible, if wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists, and also the origin and ultimateShow MoreRelatedMy College Major Will Be Astronomy1759 Words   |  8 Pageswill be astronomy. Astronomy is the study of the universe beyond the Earth, such as the stars, planets, and other celestial objects. Astronomy pushes the limits of our technology, which leads to the development of new instruments and processes processes. Astronomy is considered to be an important because of the â€Å"space age†, where many new developments in technology and new ideas were introduced. Courses Required One required science class for astronomy is astrophysics. Astrophysics is a branch of spaceRead MoreStatement of Purpose for a Career in Aestrophysics458 Words   |  2 Pagesjob This occupation is interesting because I like to lean how things work from time to time and OutSpace has always intrigued me. It’s hard to explain but OutSpace is the most fascinating thing to learn about. Everything from the stars at night to the possibility of having galactic neighbors puts me in complete awe. It’s just exciting to me and its impressive how vast and unexplored the universe is. Astrophysics Is a branch of astronomy that is about the physics of everything of the universe, andRead MoreAre We Alone? The Question of Extraterrestrial Life 904 Words   |  4 Pagesdid existed on the planet because three NASA rovers found rocks with appearance of channels, streams and even oceans spotted by orbiting satellites. A question was brought up to Richard Quinn, a SETI Institute researcher with Ames Planetary Systems Branch, if Mars was a habitable environment? Based on what we know about life in extreme environments, interpretations of mission results indicate that we are currently exploring habitable ancient environments on Mars, and I believe that these are solidRead MoreThe Idea Of Black Holes1913 Words   |  8 PagesEinstein expanded his ideas to create a new sect of physics and ideas about how the world works. Einstein’s theory states that the law of physics are the same for all observers not in motion and acceleration and that the speed of light in a vacuum was indep endent of the motion. He worked with the ideas of space and time and proposed that same and time worked in a continuum called space-time. Space-time continuum creates an idea of how events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at differentRead MoreForce9499 Words   |  38 PagesMaster Sheets Topics Available Year 7-8 General Science Disk Filename 01.Energy 02.Forces 03.Matter 04.Mixtures 05.Elements 06.Cells 07.Life 08.LifeSystems 09.Astronomy 10.Earth 11.Ecosystems Topic Name Energy Forces Solids, Liquids Gases Separating Mixtures Elements Compounds Living Cells Living Things Plant Animal Systems Astronomy The Earth Ecosystems Year 9-10 General Science Disk Filename 12.Waves 13.Motion 14.Electricity 15.Atoms 16.Reactions 17.DNA 18.Evolution 19.Health 20.UniverseRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authors have brought their wealth of experience

Preparation of Isopentyl Acetate Free Essays

Results and Discussion Isopentyl propanoate was prepared by refluxing isopentyl alcohol in excess propanoic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. The ester was obtained by distillation in 62% yield, bp 140-150oC (lit. 156 oC [1]). We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Isopentyl Acetate or any similar topic only for you Order Now GC analysis of the distillate revealed only traces of the starting alcohol (Figure 1). The ester’s structure was confirmed using IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The IR spectrum (Figure 2) shows a strong absorption at 1741 cm-1 consistent with an ester C=O stretching vibration. The NMR spectrum (Figures 3 and 4) contains all of the signals expected for this compound. A triplet at 1. 18 ppm and a quartet at 2. 8 ppm are assigned to the propionyl methyl and methylene groups, respectively. A doublet at 0. 82 ppm is assigned to the two isopentyl methyl groups. A 6 line pattern at 1. 66 ppm is assigned to the methine group (9 lines are expected), and a triplet at 4. 08 and a quartet at 1. 48 ppm are assigned to the OCH2 and CHCH2 methylene groups, respectively. Experimental Preparation of isopentyl propanoate. Isopentyl alcohol (4. 6 mL, 42 mmol), propanoic acid (40 mL, 530 mmol), and concentrated sulfuric acid (1 mL, 18 mmol) were refluxed for 66 minutes. The solution was diluted with water (60 mL) and extracted with ether (60 mL). The ether layer was washed with saturated aq. NaHCO3 (2 x 60 mL), dried with MgSO4, and distilled at atmospheric pressure to give isopentyl propanoate: 3. 8 g (62% from isopentyl alcohol), bp 140-150 oC (lit. 156 oC [1]); IR (ATR) cm-1: 2960 (vs, CH), 1741 (vs, C=O), 1189 (s, C-O); 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz) ? : 0. 92 (d, 6H, J = 6. 8 Hz, CH(CH3)2), 1. 18 (t, 3H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CH2CH3), 1. 48 (q, 2H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CHCH2), 1. 66 (9 lines, 1H, J = 6. 8 Hz, CH), 2. 28 (q, 2H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CH2CO), 4. 08 (t, 2H, J = 6. 8 Hz, OCH2); GC (120 oC, right-hand column): isopentyl propanoate (4. 8 min), isopentyl alcohol (4. 4 min). References 1. Mordechai, U. ed. â€Å"Esther’s Ester Handbook, 11th Ed. â€Å", Fruity Publishing, Boca Raton, 1984. E-factor Insert list and mass of consumed materials, product, and e-yield here. Figures [GC data, IR spectrum, and NMR spectrum; label each one as a numbered figure (see above) and give the figure an appropriate title; see appendix for additional instructions] NMR Exercise Choose one of the molecules listed below. Draw its structure (show all H) and label all protons as A, B, C, †¦ (apply the same label to ‘NMR equivalent’ protons). Examine the online proton NMR spectrum (follow the link; the small upper spectrum is the carbon-13 NMR, ignore it). List all shifts associated with the compound; do not list shifts for solvent, TMS, etc. , and do not list integrals or coupling patterns. Assign each signal to a particular proton. Do this on your own; do not work with others. (If you are having trouble with the assignment and would like some help from others, work on a different spectrum from the one that you turn in). Turn in 1) the compound name provided below, 2) the structural formula and H labels, 3) the list of shifts and assignments (write the label next to its shift). Do not turn in the spectrum How to cite Preparation of Isopentyl Acetate, Papers

Sustainability Policy

Question: Explain about the sustainability policy in Australia. Answer: Organization working with: Veolia in Australia and New Zealand is the only environment solutions of the region which consist of the environment solutions organization. It has specific capabilities regarding waste water and water treatment, services of waste and recovers services, management of energy, maintaining services of industrial cleaning. The ethical responsibility of the organization is to create value regarding the management principal and conduct of the business. As being a part of the sound risk and hazardous management, there are certain principals regarding the conduct of the business. The main objective of the company is to understand and support the customer achievements. All managers, employees, contractors and visitors are made responsible for being aware and complying of this policy. Research conducted on Sustainable policy: Business and industrial organizations in Veolia have various new approaches to develop and contribute the society and the environment in regards to future. Veolia has recognized their economic goals which can be complemented by social as well as environmental targets. These areas deal with sustainable flourishment and cultural life which is inter dependent. Sustainable policies cover the environmental and the dimension based on the social development of sustainability (Bocken et al., 2014). Basically sustainable development of Veolia covers four broad areas of function which includes: The uses of price which encourages the individual as well as the agents to take the full cost regarding the degradation of the environment in the decision. To develop economic growth, there is the implementation of economic growth. To make the contribution strengthen the international trade and investment towards the development of sustainability worldwide The methods and techniques of policy writing: Sustainability has its importance especially in the public sector and also in the government sector with various kinds of environmental targets. It can be stated that the suppliers in the public sector must be following the suit of sustainable policy which is very often stipulated when they wish to make a contract (Boons et al., 2013). There are certain benefits of well written sustainable policies which include: To meet the current environment-related legislation. To save money regarding waste and recycling. The efficient increase in the supply chain. To differentiate from the competition. To improve reputation within the stakeholders. Needs and Interest of Stakeholders Stakeholders are regarded as a key component in the field of sustainable development because of the following reasons: Stakeholders must be engaged as soon as possible rather than later than to develop a more effective strategy and materials. If the issues are understood properly, then there will be a better application for the organization as well as the proper approaches. Sustainability has become very important for all scales of companies as the stake holders approaches are very essential. Internal education, as well as external engagement in the companies, is prioritizing as internal key holders (Coomer, 2013). Sustainable policy opinion and its advantages and disadvantages: Sustainable policies are regarded as the policies of meeting human development goals. Senior management is regarded responsible for the formulation of sustainable development policy and also for the establishment of specific objectives. It also consists of certain social elements as well as alleviation regarding poverty as well as equity distributions. Management should always incorporate the expectation of the shareholder regarding the brand policy statement (Matos Silvestre, 2013). There are various advantages and disadvantages of for organizations and various stakeholder groups: Advantages include: Renewable energy well renewable; Environmental benefits; Reliable energy sources; Economical benefits; Stabilize energy prices; Disadvantages include: Reliability of supply; Difficult to generate in large quantity; Large capital cost; Requirement of large tracts of land; Final recommendations for policy: The tips which help for policy option based on effectiveness, time frames and cost includes: To keep it simple- There should be one page to clear and succinct with necessary information to stakeholders. To keep it real- Strategies and objectives should measurable and achievable. Link it as much as possible existing to mission. Align with other policies- In order to avoid overlapping there should be standard quality management. Dont reinvent the wheel- Policies available on internet, use as these are template to create an application on own business (Matos Silvestre, 2013). Reference list: Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of Cleaner Production,65, 42-56. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J., Wagner, M. (2013). Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 1-8. Coomer, J. C. (Ed.). (2013).Quest for a Sustainable Society: Pergamon Policy Studies on Business and Economics. Elsevier. Matos, S., Silvestre, B. S. (2013). Managing stakeholder relations when developing sustainable business models: the case of the Brazilian energy sector.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 61-73.

WordPress Pingbacks and Trackbacks Explained + Why to Disable Them

If you’re a perceptive user, you may have noticed a setting in your dashboard relating to WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks. However, there’s a good chance you have no idea what these techniques are, or why they’re controversial.In a nutshell, pingbacks and trackbacks are technologies that notify other websites when content has been published that their users might find interesting. While this sounds pretty good in theory, there are also a number of downsides to using both strategies, which is why we recommend that you disable them.In this article, we’re going to start out by explaining what WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks are and discussing their pros and cons. Then, well show you how you can disable both on your own website. Let’s take a look! What are trackbacks?A trackback is a notification that WordPress sends to an external site when you link to it in your content. Let’s say that you’ve just published a new blog post on dog t raining tips, which includes a link to another website that contains some solid advice for your readers.In this scenario, you could send a trackback ‘ping’ to that site, in order to get the owner’s attention. That person could then choose to approve the trackback. This would display an excerpt of your post and a link to your site in their comments section.What are pingbacks?Pingbacks in WordPress have a very similar goal, but they work a little differently. In fact, they were actually created to be a better version of trackbacks, in order to resolve some of the problems with the technique (which we’ll look at shortly).The key thing to understand is that while trackbacks are sent manually, pingbacks are automatic. To illustrate this, we’ll go back to our earlier example. Let’s say you have pingbacks set up on your blog, and you just published that article about dog training tips (linking to the same external website as before).In this case, a pingback would immediately be sent to the site you linked to – as long as it also has pingbacks enabled. That site would then automatically check to verify that the pingback originated from your post (and wasn’t some type of spam), before displaying it as a simple link in the comments section. In most cases, pingbacks won’t include an excerpt from the post in question, though this depends on the theme that a site is using.From your perspective, the trackback and the pingback work in a very similar way. The most vital differences are ‘under the hood’ – the communication technologies used are different. However, it isn’t necessary to understand all the technical details in order to get a sense for the advantages and drawbacks of using these techniques.An example of what pingbacks/trackbacks look likeThe pros and cons of using WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks on your siteIn order to understand why we recommend that you disable pingbacks and trackbacks, lets discuss the pros and cons.Pros 👠It’s easy to see why so many people have used both pingbacks and trackbacks in the past. The potential benefits of these technologies include:Increasing backlinks to your own site, driving traffic your way and improving your Search Engine Optimization (SEO).Making connections with related sites, and encouraging them to share your content by showing your willingness to promote theirs.Offering more value to your readers, by introducing them to other content they may find useful.Cons 👎The biggest issue with trackbacks is that they soon became used to send huge amounts of spam. As trackbacks can be sent manually to any site, spammers use them to get their links posted on as much content as possible.Keeping these spam trackbacks off your site requires manually checking each one since there’s no other way to verify that they aren’t fake. Naturally, the time spent moderating these trackbacks could be better used elsewhere. It also makes them a lot less valuable than they could be in a theoretical sense.As we mentioned earlier, pingbacks were designed mainly to resolve this spam problem. That’s why they work automatically, and require verification before they can be posted. In addition, they won’t even be sent unless both blogs have enabled pingbacks.However, pingbacks soon fell victim to the same downsides as trackbacks. Many spammers were able to easily overcome the protections put into place. That resulted in a lot of fake and malicious pingbacks. Again, this means that sites with this feature enabled generally have to spend a lot of time moderating the resulting comments.In addition, you can end up with something called ‘self-pings’. If you link to another post or page on your own site, the pingback feature will send a notification (as though you were linking to an external source). This isn’t very useful and can quickly become an annoyance, although you can eliminate this problem with a free plugin like No Self Pings.Most sites should disable WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks (heres how to do it)There’s been a lot of controversy over the years as to whether using pingbacks and trackbacks is worth the downsides. These days, however, its widely recommended that you avoid both techniques.At the end of the day, using WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks tends to result in a lot of spam and wasted time. Even if they can provide a few benefits, there are better ways to drive traffic to your site.In addition, very few people actually use these technologies in a legitimate way at this point. This means that, more so than in the past, you’re likely to get a lot more fake pingbacks and trackbacks than legitimate ones.Fortunately, disabling both on your own site is a simple matter. In your WordPress dashboard, you can navigate to Settings Discussion:Here, you’ll want to deselect the first two options:Attempt to notify any blogs linked to from the articleAllow link notifications from other blogs (pingbacks and trackbacks) on new articlesThis will prevent your site from creating and receiving pingbacks and trackbacks. As a result, you should have an easier time keeping your comments section under control. Plus, youll free up time that can be devoted to more effective audience-building strategies.Skip the pingbacks and trackbacks!Pingbacks and trackbacks do have benefits in theory, but there are plenty of reasons why they’re rarely used these days. Ultimately, the downsides of both outweigh the potential for a slight boost to traffic and visibility.Keeping WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks active on your site is likely to result in a lot of spam coming from people who just want to get a link of any sort posted on your content. The good news is that you can quickly disable both options in your WordPress Settings screen.Have you ever used pingbacks and trackbacks on a WordPress site , and what was the result? Share your experiences with us in the comments section below! #WordPress pingbacks and trackbacks explained, plus why you really should just disable them

Campus Safety essays

Campus Safety essays Do you know how to remain safe on campus? There has been a rise in campus crime over the years due the increased dorm population, according to Maj. Susan Norred, assistant director of safety and security for the University Police Department. Norred, a police officer for approximately 17 years, has primary concern for students that walk or jog alone at night. She has served in her current position for two years. Whenever a person is out alone at night, they are providing an opportunity for an assault or a robbery, she said. A person increases their vulnerability by wearing a headset while they are walking or jogging, she said. To prevent themselves from being a target for criminals, both female and male students should use the buddy system. They also should let someone know where they are going and when they can be expected to return. Another serious safety issue that has been brought to Norreds attention deals with campus parking. Students will often be spotted returning to their cars after class and they will be offered a ride to their car so that the other person can have their parking space. This practice is a very, very dangerous practice for students to participate in and a person should never, under any circumstance, accept a ride from a stranger, she said. You never know who you are getting in the car with, Norred said. Meeting new people and trusting them very quickly is another personal safety issue that Norred addressed. Learn to build up trust before you actually entrust your life with them, she said. She advises meeting new people in a group setting, preferably with a good friend. Have your own transportation so that you do not have to rely on that person to take you back home, she said. Theft is also a personal safety issue at UF. Bicycles are the most commonly stolen item and they account for 40 percent of all thefts, Norred said. ...

Immigration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immigration Law - Essay Example (thomson 5) The first type is that of the skilled workers who come to UK under the official work permit scheme. These migrants make up about a third of the business and information services sector and a quarter of the healthcare sector. The second category of immigrants is composed of the relatives of British citizens coming to join them. These are frequently not economic migrants and do not contribute to the country with work. The third category is made of asylum seekers. Lastly, the fourth type is made up of illegal immigrants. The British Government has formulated policies that welcome the first type into its fold. But its policies regarding the other three are getting more and more stringent. As we will find out later in this paper that non-EEA immigrants who are not skilled are increasingly finding themselves excluded from the job market in the UK. (a) Non- EEA workers usually work under the work permit scheme. This scheme was formalized in 1980. In this scheme, the employer has to apply on behalf of a particular employee for a specific job. He has to show that there are no other resident workers available for the same job and with the requisite skills and experience. Work permits are then granted for work up to five years, and workers are then eligible to apply for 'indefinite leave to remain.' The employer has to support the application for it to be granted. (b) Under the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme farmers and growers and students in full time education can take up work for a period of not exceeding three months. The government has increased the quota of workers under this scheme recently. (c) Another scheme is the Working Holidaymaker Scheme, which provides the young Commonwaealth citizens to holiday for 2 years in the UK and work alongside full-time for 50% of the time or work part-time for more than 50% of their stay. This provides a good avenue for work for migrants from non-EEA countries. (d) There is also a Highly Skilled Migrant Programme, under which highly talented and accomplished individuals are taken in as workers in UK. In this scheme, the application comes directly from the individuals, not the employers. They are assessed on a point system which covers qualifications, experience, to some extent age, etc. (e) Under the Innovators Scheme those individuals are allowed entry into the UK who have business ideas which will bring economic benefit to the UK but they are not qualified under any other scheme. (f) The last group of workers is Asylum seekers and refugees. The asylum seekers are normally not allowed to work while their applications are under consideration. However, if a decision has not come after six months, they can apply for permission to work. After they are granted refugee status, they can freely work and do not need to be granted permission from the Home Office to do so. 2. Policies governing Immigrants and Asylum seekers 2.1 The British Government has passed, over many years, several acts governing the issues related with immigrants and asylum seekers. These are: Immigration Act 1971, Immigration Act 1988, Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act 1993, Asylum and Immig

How the deficits of the 1980's contributed to the prosperity of the Term Paper

How the deficits of the 1980's contributed to the prosperity of the 1990's - Term Paper Example These are: (1) to reduce the growth of government spending, (2) to reduce the marginal tax rates on income from both labor and capital, (3) to reduce regulation, and (4) to reduce inflation by controlling the growth of the money supply† (Niskanen, â€Å"Encyclopedia†). These changes reduced taxes for most wage earners, and most of the poor were actually exempted from taxes. Reagan also eliminated price controls on oil and natural gas, long distance telephone service, and ocean shipping. As reported by the Joint Economic Committee in April of 2000, Reagan’s polices resulted in the largest peacetime economic boom in American history. It also resulted to 35 million jobs for many Americans. The committee reports, â€Å"[i]n 1981, newly elected President Ronald Reagan refocused fiscal policy on the long run†¦these were fundamental changes that proved the foundation for the Great Expansion that began in December 1982† (Sperry, â€Å"Issues†). At the b eginning of the 1990s when Reagan’s tax rate cuts were set in place, tax payers who earned more were taxed more, and those who earned less were taxed less. This gave a chance for those in the lower rungs of the economic ladder to recover from their difficult economic situation. The reductions in income tax for those who had lower income were so dramatic because President Reagan doubled the personal exemption; he also increased the standard deduction, and he tripled the earned income tax credit. Earned income tax credit gave net cash to single-parent families with children at the lowest income levels. Reagan’s economic policies practically took from the rich and took less from the poor, and this gave the lower income group in American society a chance to recover and improve their lives. The eventual manifestations of improved life were later seen in the 1990s. The stimulants for growth in the 1990s can be traced back to the economic measures and policies which were implemented during the

Case Study 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

4 - Case Study Example isorder – Observation of thin, tired-looking, fatigued, weight loss, poor appetite, muscle weakness, skin warm, dry, flat affect, provides little detail in answers, indecisive, has difficulty concentrating depressed mood or anhedonia (absence or pleasure) for at least 2 weeks. (Pg 53) sleep disturbance, weight loss, loss of appetite, loss of sexual interest (Pg 59-60), Patients with depression may display poor or lapsed hygiene. Pg 61 May cause a patient to be withdrawn (Pg 61), negative, slow, low-self-esteem Hypothesis 1: Major depressive disorder – genetics plays a vital role, results from abnormalities between brain hormones and neurotransmitters i.e. hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Depression might be caused by relational issues. Bereavement is among the most traumatizing, painful and gut wrenching experience a person will ever face. Grieving people often undergo various states during this period (regret, loneliness, withdrawal, intrusive images, depression, unhappiness, a feeling of being overwhelmed and depersonalization. These characteristics displayed by the patient made the diagnosis from settling on anemia, thyroiditis and insomnia. At first, the feelings of grief may seem to be forgotten. But, with time they evolve into bursts of depression which are brought about by the reminders of the dead/deceased (Astrid,

What Makes Up Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

What Makes Up Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay An ecosystem can be defined as an area where there is an interaction between all the non-living and living components. The complete group of organisms inhabiting the ecosystem can be called a community. The abiotic non-living components include such items as air, water, soil sunlight all of which may be critical to the survival of the organisms (Soper et al 1997). Odum (1969) described the ecosystem as a single entity composed of many different parts dynamically interacting with transfers of energy and considers the ecosystem to be a unit of biological organization made up of all the organisms in a given area (that is community) interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to characteristic trophic structure and material cycles within the system. This more elaborate explanation is still applied today and is more relevant as it takes into account the important issue of energy flow between the components. Marine ecosystems include oceans, coral reefs, estuar ies and coastal areas such as lagoons and kelp beds. An appreciation of the fundamental definition described above allows us to understand how the ecosystem concept can be extrapolated from smaller marine ecosystems such as coral reefs or sea grass beds to bigger ones such as the Caribbean Large Marin Ecosystem (CLME) which is an interconnected complex of these and many other smaller ecosystems. Duda (2002) describes the large marine ecosystem (LME) as a vast marine area which begins with and includes coastal regions and estuaries and eventually stretches out to continental shelf limits and areas dominated by coastal current systems. Sherman et al (2004) use the following more detailed factors to develop criteria for demarcating LMEs ; bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically dependent populations. Several of the 64 LMEs spread out across the globe also occupy spaces which are semi-enclosed seas for example the Caribbean and Baltic seas are two semi enclosed seas which form the respective CLME and Baltic Sea LME (BSLME). Another factor used in determining the seaward extent of LMEs is the area affected by the major ocean currents of the world, hence, for example the North Brazil Shelf LME (NBSLME) is delimited by the North Brazil Current system and its extent. This factor therefore sometimes supercedes the 200 nautical mile of EEZ fisheries zone limits criteria. The understanding of the concept of the LME is fundamental to this study as the area of interest transcends the boundary between two adjacent LMEs namely the CLME and the NBSLME (see figure 1.) (Polygon delimiting actual study area needs to be inserted on this diagram) Figure 1. The Caribbean and adjacent Large Marine Ecosystems. (Fanning et al. 2009) Resources and Ecosystems Seagrass, coral reefs and mangroves are very common marine coastal ecosystems within the CLME. The outflows of two of the largest river systems in the world, the Orinoco and the Amazon have a great impact the LME of the Caribbean (CLME, 2007)., the former having the greater effect due to its closer proximity, approximately 100 km from the south coast of the island of Trinidad. The North Equatorial Current moves in a generally westward direction from the mid Atlantic region into the Caribbean basin through the Lesser Antilles and thus many of the islands within this area are impacted by its nutrient poor nature (see fig 2). The islands of the South Eastern Caribbean however, especially the twin island nation of Trinidad and Tobago are heavily impacted by the Guiana Current which enters the Caribbean along the northern coast of South America (fig 3). It has been stated that the freshwater outflows from the Amazon and Orinoco has a significant impact on the Guiana current (Morrison and Smith 1990). Muller-Karger et al. (1988) illsutrate that the Amazon River discharges the most amount of freshwater into the ocean from any single point source. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). The NEC is the broad westward flow that is the southern component of the N. Atlantic subtropical gyre. It is fed by the Canary Current and its waters eventually end up in the Gulf Stream system, either via the Antilles current or through the Caribbean via the Guiana current. (Bischof et al. 2004) South equatorial current, North Brazil Current and North Brazilian Current are all terms which have been applied to the Guyana current. Flagg et al. (1986) suggest that the misappropriation of the names is due mainly to the seasonal nature of the adjacent currents. The Guyana Current starts off as the North Brazil Current which carries along the south American coastline up to the region of French Guiana where part of it diverges and rejoins the North Equatorial Counter Current. The Guiana Current is formed from the remainder which continues along the coast in a northwestward direction (Condie 1991) The Caribbean current as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). The Caribbean Current transports significant amounts of water northwestward through the Caribbean Sea and into the Gulf of Mexico, via the Yucatan Current. The source water for the Caribbean Current is from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean via the North Equatorial, North Brazil, and Guiana Currents. The counter-clockwise circulation of the Columbia-Panama Gyre is evident off-shore of southern Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) and northern Colombia. (Gyory et al. 2004) (Gyory et al. 2004) The Caribbean exhibits a great degree of spatial and temporal differences when it comes to its marine environment. Coral reefs are a prime example of the diversity of its ecosystems and its species as most of the corals and associated species found in the region are endemic making this biodiversity of international importance (Burke and Maidens 2004) The interdependence and flow of energy from the nearshore more productive habitats such as the reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds to the less productive open ocean areas such as the planktonic and pelagic systems and the environmental conditions that influence them are not well understood at this point. Why conserve and manage marine ecosystems? The importance of marine ecosystems and hence the need for their sustainable management can be best illustrated by two main factors; the direct and indirect services they provide and the ensuing natural and human based stressors that they face. Marine ecosystem services Humans often view the oceans as a huge waste bin while simultaneously as a perpetual source of food. With five percent of the worlds protein supply coming from the sea and up to 15 percent is selected areas such as China and Japan our dependence on the ocean for food is immense. There is a wide range of services apart from being a food source that humans garner from the oceans, to fully appreciate these one must first come to terms with the varying scales of spatial distribution and time which these services may be provided. Obviously different regions will provide various services due to their different physical makeup and constituents for example near shore coastal ecosystems provide most of the services of a particular type due to their highly productive nature whereas open ocean areas provide most of the regulating services and chemical balancing mainly due to its immense size. The medical, spiritual, aesthetic values of the ocean are also great but often receive lesser attention. Recently much interest has been placed in carbon sequestration and the role of the oceans and marine ecosystems in acting as carbon sinks slowing the global climate change process Garcia and Cochrane (2005) mentions this and categorizes ecosystem services into four main areas; provisioning, supporting, regulating or cultural. The function of coral reefs, mangroves and even salt marshes in buffering coastal areas from wave and storm damage was apparent during the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2005 Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes. It is well known that coastal habitats such as mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs, and sea grass beds act as nurseries for young fish and other species while also providing a source of income and employment generation. The fisheries sectors of many a nation is fuelled by the highly productive upwelling zones mainly in and around New Zealand, Chile/Peru, South Afr ica and the western United States. Also in terms of biodiversity 16 of the 36 animal Phyla that exist occur only in the oceans, this fact has implications for the biochemical and medical fields for human use (Baskett et al 2005). Marine ecosystem stressors Most of the worlds population lives in or near to coastal areas for many different reasons. Primarily most of the jobs exist in and around the coastal zone as this is where many of the major cities and ports occur. Also food and recreation and leisure activities are gained quite easily from the seas. As a result of the high population densities experienced by the coastal regions a lot of the significant ecosystems and coastal marine communities are being negatively impacted due to human activities (Halpern et al., 2007, 2008). Pollution of various forms have caused increase nutrient enrichment, eutrophication, sedimentation due to land degradation and mismanagement and changes in the hydrological patterns. Climate ahnge is another signifjicant contributor the the deterioration of the marine ecosystems and have taken a heavy toll on coral reef systems in particular (Baker et al. 2008). GESAMP (2001) lists the modification and demolition of habitats, sewage run off and impacts on human health, rising eutrophication and nutrient enrichment and the decrease in fish stocks as well as alteration of sedimentation pattern due to hydrological changes and land degradation as some of the most significant issues facing coastal and marine areas and ecosystems. How are they Managed? Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) Conventional types of natural resource management have been replaced over the years by a more rounded approach ecosystem based management (EBM) which focuses not only on specific sectors but is more all inclusive. Traditionally, activities that influence the management process have been engaged independently and have not considered the collective impacts on the ecosystem (Curtin and Prezello 2010). EBM is a new approach that considers a broader range of contributing factors (ecological, environmental and anthropogenic) in designing a management technique. Management techniques including coastal management, fisheries management and the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) help to drive EBM related models. Christie et al. (2007) also stress that ecological function and pertinent scales must be considered in the EBM process. Arkema et al (2006) summarize it most effectively: Ecosystem based management represents a much broader view than how marine ecosystems have been managed tr adition- ally, taking into account the interconnectedness and inter- dependent nature of the components of ecosystems, and the fundamental importance of ecosystem structure and functioning in providing humans with the broad range of services that are taken for granted. Cury et al. (2005) notes three key issues that must be adhered to in EBM; establishing lasting goals that are pertinent to the particular ecosystem, defining meaningful indicators, and determining suitable models, data gathering tools and means for analysis. INDENT (2006) provides an assessment of a wide range of indicators, while mechanisms for marine ecosystem management and monitoring are outlined by Hoffman and Gaines (2008). Biological monitoring makes use of indicator species and also considers numbers of particular species, this is especially useful in fisheries monitoring to detect when a disturbance in a specific area in this regard fisheries monitoring is considered a tool on its own. Tracking variations in the water quality or physical habitat is termed environmental monitoring and is separate from biological and fisheries monitoring. The multitude of stressors which influence the marine environment can have many sources, including estuaries, coastal areas and even far away areas such as watersheds. At the highest level therefore EBM should take into account watershed impacts (Guery et al. 2005). Also from a management perspective it has been suggested that an approach which begins at the lowest scale and then makes its way up to the level of large marine ecosystems thereby allowing a greater number of stressors and the services that they impact to be considered Agardy (2007) and Rosenberg (2006). Sustainable management and application of marine ecosystem services always need to consider the relationship between the socioeconomic and ecological parts of the entire system across the various scales involved. Indicators The fisheries resources within an ecosystem are directly related to the primary productivity of that ecosystem (Pauly and Christensen 1995). The ever increasing problem of coastal eutrophication can be monitored by utilizing ecosystem productivity as an indicator. Ecosystem characteristics can be observed through the use of satellite data. Satellite data that has been tuned to a specific region can provide data on nutrients, productivity, phytoplankton, and sea surface temperature (Aiken et al. 1999; Berman and Sherman 2001; Melrose et al. 2006). The 2004 National Coastal Condition Report II illustrates the use of five indices for coastal assessment put forward by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These include water quality, sediment quality, benthic communities, coastal habitat, and fish tissue contaminants. These indicators and the entire methodology are gradually being applied to the international global environment facility (GEF) funded LME projects. The Gulf of Mexico LME and many European LMEs have suffered due to nitrogen overenrichment over recent decades. The 1970s Green Revolution which saw much of the wetlands of the world being transformed to agricultural lands and the subsequent fertilizer and livestock increase are said to be the major contributors to this process (Howarth et al. 2000 and Duda and El-Ashry 2000) with other contributors coming from urban sewage sources and automobile exhaust. Indicators used for Marine Management The increasing range and intensity of human uses has led to a need for efficient management of marine ecosystems in the region. Marine ecosystem indicators can play a key role in improving the planning and management practices within the marine environment for sustainable use (Borja et al. 2008b; 2009). Indicators enable managers and stakeholders to monitor the condition of an ecosystem and the impacts of its associated human activities. Indicators can also be used to support planning and decision-making for ecosystem-based management, including problem identification and policy implementation. More than a decade ago the chief method employed in assessing marine quality was the use of indicator species collected from the benthic communities. A wider approach is now being undertaken with the inclusion of the physical components as well as a greater range of biological components (Pinto et al., 2009). Fishes, phytoplankton and zooplankton are biological components that are now part of the ecosystem assessment process and are being used as indicators for marine quality evaluation (Borja et al 2009). True marine quality assessment is usually done by incorporating the various physico-chemical and biological elements of the system (Borja, 2005, 2006). Moloney and Shillington (2007) show that it is necessary to have indicators for ecosystem health however, individual indices can be applied for various aspects of the physical and chemical environment. Further work is required for the establishment of an effective method of defining the single indicator for assessment of marine qual ity (Borja et al., 2008a). The past approach had several deficiencies chief of which was it usually was based on just a few indicator organisms which may not have been a true representation of the ecosystem condition. On the other hand developing several indices based on several different organisms has seen a proliferation of indices (Diaz et al., 2004). Another key point to consider is the validation and testing of an index once it has been developed to ensure its accuracy. Obviously the usefulness or applicability of an index lies in its ability to accurately transmit the information about the quality of the study area for which it was designed (see Borja and Dauer, 2008). It is important to note that local scale indices have been generated in abundance in recent times not taking into account the interconnected nature of the larger marine ecosystems. A key step in index development is the multivariate analysis over areas where the ecosystem compositions are close by comparison. Borja et al (2009) have illustrated clearly that stakeholders and decision makers often need information on larger regions that cross habitat boundaries and thus scale is an important factor in index development. Nextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Indicators for marine management derived from Satellite Remote Sensing

Essay --

The Importance of Julius Caesar as Dictator Julius Caesar was born in a wealthy and well-known family. His father, Gaius Julius Caesar, was governor of the province of Asia, while his aunt was married to one of the most important figures in the Roman Republic, Gaius Marius. At age sixteen, his father died and life became tough for Caesar as he became the head of the family. Later on his life, a civil war broke out between his uncle and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a Roman general. Sulla won the war and stripped anyone of his or her inheritance who was connected to Gaius Marius, which included Caesar who ended up fleeing from Rome. As years went by, Sulla would eventually die and Caesar would return back to Rome where he would start his political career. He became the governor of all of Gaul and as a military genius he defeated tribes like the Helvetians, the Germans, and the Nervii. When he came back to Rome again, he created the first Triumvirate with Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus. This was to help him gain power of Roman Republic. When Crassus died in a battle, a civil war broke out over the control of Rome between Pompey and the Senate against Julius Caesar. Caesar would win the war and become the sole ruler â€Å"dictator† of Rome where he created many reforms that stabilized the Mediterranean world. Julius Caesar dictatorship led to the reforms of the political system, social life, calendar, and helped with the creation of the Roman Empire. During his time as dictator, Julius Caesar reformed the corrupt Roman political system. Before he took over, nobles would bribe people in the assemblies for votes. For instance, â€Å"A noble would give a voter some money or a piece of his land in exchange for the voter’s vote†(Smith, 201).... ...to many positive things, which includes the reform of the political system, the social life, the calendar, and he also helped with the creation of the Roman Empire. He fixed the political system by replacing the corrupt voting system with a controlled election. Roman citizenship became a lot easier to get and people around the Mediterranean received more legal rights. He also reformed the calendar so it could catch up to the solar year, which was named the Julian calendar. Today many countries calendars including us, is based on the Julian calendar. Julius Caesar became a very popular leader for the people of Rome and was on verge to become the first Roman Emperor. His assassination would eventually lead to the collapse of the Roman Republic and the rise of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus. Without Julius Caesar, Rome’s history would have been completely different.

Gender Inequality In India Essay

Imagine yourself in the shoes of a person who has been oppressed their entire life. Imagine all the laws that were made to protect you have not been effective one bit. Imagine yourself as a minority in the second largest community in the world. Yes, I am talking about the women in India. Why do some women live like slaves when the men thrive as the superior race in India Customs, traditions, rustic beliefs are some of the answers that advocate male superiority in the country. Some of the facts that you read a1bout women on the internet are outrageous. According to a survey done in 2011 every 42 minutes, an incident of sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes, a woman is kidnapped. Every 93 minutes, a woman is killed. Every 102 minutes, a dowry death. Surprised yet? These are only a few from the thousands of facts. Women are discriminated on a daily basis in the society, workplace and even at home while men on the other hand live like the emperors of the society. India portrays the image of society with men holding the whips, and taking control. It is as common to find women oppressed in the cities, as much as they can be oppressed in the remote villages. Majority of the women in India live in the fear of raising their voices, for they have been robbed of their rights and have been imprisoned to a world where they are voiceless. Even though today’s women are far more modern and independent, they are still haunted by the views and believes of the older generation where women are meant to be ideal housewives who take care of the family, feed them, maintain them and nothing more, while men are free to decide their future and choose what they want to be. A woman has equal rights as a man, she can choose the life she wants and the way she wants to live it. She shouldn’t be burdened with the views of the society or tradition. It is tough to believe that when 82 per cent of the men are educated only 65 per cent of women in India were lucky enough to have had the liberty to attend school. This shows  the ignorance and negligence of the parents who fail to ensure the education of their girl child. It is not surprising that India has the lowest workforce participation rate from women. You might think the few women who make their own living lead a better life, well think again. Only 4 out of every 10 women take part in a corporate office. The work participation rate of men in India is almost double as that of women. Women continue to be concentrated in jobs with low pay and authority levels placing limits on their overall access to income, status and power while men continue to dominate the top positions of the firm ensuring higher payment and better job security. The numbers of women that hold managerial positions in India are exceptionally low. Multinational companies prefer men to be the face of their organization to be more appealing to the public. On top of all the work load and discrimination, women go through a lot of mental as well as sexual harassments at work. There are constantly challenged by the nature of their work and the environment they are placed to work in. Unlike men the work of a woman does not end outside the doors of the office, she gets back home to take on the next set of mundane tasks. From the very beginning a girl is taught to do the household works while her brothers are treated like kings. Boys of the family have the rights to be out as long as they want and when a girl misses her curfew by a few minutes all hell breaks loose. It is almost like she has no voice of her own, everyone else makes a decision for her. Let it be a child or a full grown women, she never escapes the discrimination. In the modern world where men and women are working members of the family, the wife is still expected to come home at the end of the day and take care of the rest of the family and attend to their needs. She is expected to provide and nurture others with nothing in return while the only duty of the man is to earn for the family. Statistics shows that an average woman in India spends almost 10 years of her life in the kitchen while an average man at most would have spent 4 years. In India physical abuse of Indian women is high ranging from 22-60 percent and the suicide attempts due to violence and torture is shocking. 74.8 percent of women who reported violence have attempted to commit suicide. What is more surprising is that these statistics are from within  the four walls of their â€Å"safe home†. Despite the efforts of many women and political group to end discrimination against women, it still goes on. Every now and then a strike or a rally is conducted to educate the youth the importance of women in the society but the enthusiasm and the energy of these programs dies away the next day. Women will not have their rights and freedom in the society until there is a change in the mindset of men. This is the twenty first century, along with the development in science and literature we need to develop a society where women are no longer discriminated, a society where women and men hold equal positions at work and at home. We need work towards a future in which every girl gets to define who and what she wants to be. The question, though, how far away is that future?

Lord Woolf’s Reforms

Essay Title: â€Å"Although settlement, rather than litigation, poses a number of problems for a civil justice system these matters have been largely resolved by Lord Woolf’s reforms. † What is civil justice system? There are several definitions for the civil justice system. Every civilized system of government requires that the state should make available to all its citizens a means for the just and peaceful settlement of disputes between them as to their respective legal rights. The means provided are courts of justice to which every citizen has a constitutional right of access.Lord Diplock in Bremer Vulkan Schiffb au and Maschinenfabrik v South India Shipping Corp. [1981] AC 909, HL, p. 976. The justification of a legal system and procedures must be one of lesser evils, that legal resolution of disputes is preferable to blood feuds, rampant crime and violence. M. Bayles, ‘Principles for legal procedure’, Law and Philosophy, 5:1 (1986), 33–57, 57. The first impulse of a rudimentary soul is to do justice by his own hand. Only at the cost of mighty historical efforts has it been possible to supplant in the human soul the idea of self-obtained justice by the idea of justice entrusted to authorities.Eduardo J. Couture, ‘The nature of the judicial process’, Tulane Law Review, 25 (1950), 1–28, 7. There have been over 60 official reports on the subject of civil processing the past. Latest published reports were Evershed Report in 1953, the report of the Winn Committee in 1968, the Cantley Working Party in 1979, the Civil Justice Review in the late 1980s and the Woolf. All those reports are focused on the same objects like how to reduce complexity, delay and the cost of civil litigation. What are the problems before reforms?This is a mere compare of the pre-Woolf and post-Woolf civil landscape without baseline statistics. As research for the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) on the pre-Woolf litigation landscap e (pre-1999) demonstrates that: * 50% – 83% of defended cases in the county courts were personal injury (PI) claims * overall at least 75% of cases were within the small claims or fast track financial limit; in most courts this figure was 85% or more * the higher the value of the claim, the more likely both sides were to have legal representation * PI cases had high settlement rates and a small number of trials.Non-PI cases had a higher proportion of trials, and a much higher proportion of cases withdrawn. Debt cases were most likely to end in trial (38%) and in all of those the claimant succeeded. In 96% of all cases going to trial the claimant was successful * In all types of cases 50% of awards or settlements were for ? 1,000 – ? 5,000, and a further 25% – 33% were for ? 5,000 – ? 10,000. Costs in non-PI cases were relatively modest, and in PI cases around 50% had costs of ? 2,000 or less, 24% had over ? 4,000. Wolf ReformsLord Woolf’s approach to reform was to encourage the early settlement of disputes through a combination of pre-action protocols, active case management by the courts, and cost penalties for parties who unreasonably refused to attempt negotiation or consider ADR. Such evidence as there is indicates that the Woolf reforms are working, to the extent that pre-action protocols are promoting settlement before application is made to the court; most cases are settling earlier, and fewer cases are settling at the door of the court.In fact, most cases are now settled without a hearing. Lord Woolf, Access to Justice (Final Report, July 1996), identified a number of principles which the civil justice system should meet in order to ensure access to justice. The system should: (a) Be just in the results it delivers; (b) Be fair in the way it treats litigants; (c) Offer appropriate procedures at a reasonable cost; (d) Deal with cases with reasonable speed; (e) Be understandable to those who use it; (f) Be responsive to the needs of those who use it; g) Provide as much certainty as the nature of the particular case allows; and (h) Be effective: adequately resourced and organized. The defects Lord Woolf identified in our present system were that it is: (a) Too expensive in that the costs often exceed the value of the claim; (b) Too slow in bringing cases to a conclusion; (c) Too unequal: there is a lack of equality between the powerful, wealthy litigant and the under resourced litigant; (d) Too uncertain: the difficulty of forecasting what litigation will cost and how long it will last induces the fear of the unknown; (e) Incomprehensible to many litigants; f) Too fragmented in the way it is organized since there is no one with clear overall responsibility for the administration of civil justice; and (g) Too adversarial as cases are run by the parties, not by the courts and the rules of court, all too often, are ignored by the parties and not enforced by the court. The Basic Reforms of Woolf A syst em is needed where the courts are responsible for the management of cases. The courts should decide what procedures are suitable for each case; set realistic timetables; and ensure that the procedures and timetables are complied with.Defended cases should be allocated to one of three tracks: (a) An expanded small claims jurisdiction with a financial limit of ? 3,000; (b) A new fast track for straightforward cases up to ? 10,000, with strictly limited procedures, fixed timetables (20-30 weeks to trial) and fixed costs; and (c) A new multi-track for cases above ? 10,000, providing individual hands on management by judicial teams for the heaviest cases, and standard or tailor made directions where these are appropriate.Lord Woolf's Inquiry was also asked to produce a single, simpler procedural code to apply to civil litigation in the High Court and county courts. The Final Report was accompanied by a draft of the general rules which would form the core of the new code. Pros and Cons of wolf reforms * However, costs have increased, or have at least been front-loaded. In particular, in cases where mediation has been attempted and agreement has not been reached, costs are clearly higher for the parties. * Litigation will be avoided wherever possible.People will be encouraged to start court proceedings to resolve disputes only as a last resort, and after using other more appropriate means when available. * Litigation will be less adversarial and more co-operative. There will be an expectation of openness and co-operation between parties from the outset, supported by pre-litigation protocols on disclosure and experts. * Litigation will be less complex. There will be a single set of rules applying to the High Court and the county courts. The rules will be simpler. * The timescale of litigation will be shorter and more certain.All cases will progress to trial in accordance with a timetable set and monitored by the court. * The cost of litigation will be more affordable, more predictable, and more proportionate to the value and complexity of individual cases. There will be fixed costs for cases on the fast track. Estimates of costs for multi-track cases will be published or approved by the court. * Parties of limited financial means will be able to conduct litigation on a more equal footing. Litigants who are not legally represented will be able to get more help from advice services and from the courts. There will be clear lines of judicial and administrative responsibility for the civil justice system. The Head of Civil Justice will have overall responsibility for the civil justice system. * The structure of the courts and the deployment of judges will be designed to meet the needs of litigants. Heavier and more complex civil cases will be concentrated at trial centers which have the resources needed, including specialist judges, to ensure that the work is dealt with effectively. * Judges will be deployed effectively so that they can manage litiga tion in accordance with the new rules and protocols.Judges will be given the training they need to manage cases. * The civil justice system will be responsive to the needs of litigants. Courts will provide advice and assistance to litigants through court based or duty advice ; assistance schemes, especially in courts with substantial levels of debt and housing work. Final conclusion It can be concluded, overall the Reforms were supported by both branches of the legal profession, judiciary and both the lay and the legal press welcomed them. Promoting settlement and avoiding litigation can be the iggest boon to litigants who otherwise when get entangled in the costly and everlasting court procedures suffer a lot. The reforms intended to focus on reduction in cost and delay, however they did not escape criticism and reduction in cost is still considered to be a debatable area. But the reforms were a step in the right direction and were deemed triumphant as they have resulted in justice being accessible to wider proportion of society especially when problem is of small nature and can be quickly and cheaply dealt with in lower courts.Wholistically, the advantages of the Reforms outshine the disadvantages. The reforms were a positive way for the future; still a lot of work needs to be done in a few areas for making timely, inexpensive justice available to the lay man. Reduction in cost of litigation as a consequence of reforms was not fully realized but nonetheless it cannot be said that reforms had a detrimental impact on civil justice overall as timely exchange of information between the parties does promote culture of co-operation and settlement if not always and as a result of the reforms problem of delay in litigation were well catered.There was a move away from the adversarial culture and increase in out of court settlements was seen. It can be concluded that the foundation stone for a better and prosperous litigation culture has been laid, what needs to be do ne now is to rectify the shortcomings of the Woolf reforms and build on the so called revolutionary much needed positive reforms aiming to avoid litigation and promoting timely settlement of disputes, so that parties no longer are faced with the never ending litigation process.Bibliography * http://www. lawteacher. net/english-legal-system/lecture-notes/civil-justice-review. php * Cambridge University Press: 978-0-521-11894-1 – Judging Civil Justice: Hazel Genn: Excerpt * D. Gladwell, ‘Modern Litigation Culture: the first six months of the Civil Justice reforms in England and Wales' 19 Civil Justice Quarterly, 2000 pp. 9-18 * Gary Slapper and David Kelly, The English Legal System 9th edition, Routledge. Cavendish, Chapter 9(The Civil Process), pg 369. * P.

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 On August 23, 1939, representatives from Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union met and signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (also called the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact), a mutual promise made by the two leaders  guaranteeing that neither would attack the other. With the imminence  of World War II becoming ever clearer, signing the pact guaranteed Germany protection against the necessity of fighting a two-front war. The Soviet Union  was awarded land in return, including parts of Poland and the Baltic States, as part of a secret addendum. The pact was broken when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union less than two years later, on June 22, 1941. Why Did Hitler Want the Pact? Germanys role in a two-front war in World War I had split its forces, weakening and undermining their offensive strength.   As he prepared for war in 1939, German dictator Adolf Hitler was determined not to repeat the same mistakes. While hed hoped to acquire Poland without force (as he had annexed Austria the year before), the necessity to diminish the possibility of a two-front war as a consequence of the invasion was clear. Thus negotiation for Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was born. The Two Sides Meet On August 14, 1939, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop contacted the Soviets to arrange a deal. Ribbentrop met with the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov in Moscow, and together they arranged two pacts: the economic agreement and the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. The Economic Agreement The first pact was an economic trade agreement, which Ribbentrop and Molotov signed on August 19, 1939. The agreement, which proved instrumental in helping Germany bypass the British blockade during the early years of World War II, committed the Soviet Union to provide food products and raw materials to Germany in exchange for products such as German machinery for the Soviet Union. The Non-Aggression Pact On August 23, 1939- four days after the economic agreement was signed and a little over a week before the beginning of World War II- Ribbentrop and Molotov signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Publicly, this agreement stated that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack each other and that any problem that might arise between the two countries was to be handled amicably. The pact, which was supposed to have lasted 10 years, lasted less than two. Terms of the pact included the provision that if Germany attacked Poland, the Soviet Union would not come to its aid. Thus, if Germany went to war against the West (especially France and Great Britain) over Poland, the Soviets were guaranteeing that they would not enter the war. This would block the opening of a second front for Germany. In addition to the agreement, Ribbentrop and Molotov added a secret protocol to the pact- a secret addendum whose existence was denied by the Soviets until 1989. To the Chancellor of the German Reich, Herr A. Hitler,I thank you for your letter. I hope that the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact will mark a decisive turn for the better in the political relations between our two countries.J. Stalin* The Secret Protocol The secret protocol held an agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets that greatly affected Eastern Europe. In exchange for the Soviets pledging to decline engagement in the imminent war, Germany gave the Soviets the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), leaving Poland to be divided between the two along the Narew, Vistula, and San rivers. The territory restructuring provided the Soviet Union a level of protection from a Western invasion via an inland buffer. It would need that buffer in 1941. Pact Unfolds, Then Unravels When Nazis attacked Poland on the morning of September 1, 1939, the Soviets stood by and watched. Two days later, World War II began with the British declaration of war on Germany. Soviets rolled into eastern Poland on September 17 to occupy their sphere of influence as designated in the secret protocol. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact effectively barred the Soviet Union from joining the fight against Germany, thus affording Germany success in its attempt to safeguard its borders from a two-front war. The Nazis and the Soviets kept the terms of the pact and the protocol until Germanys surprise attack and invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Analysis - Essay Example The female heroines are placed into situations in which love is not easy, nor it is the primary goal of these women, but it is an inevitable outcome to the events that occur. The novels Jane Eyre, an Autobiography and Emma explore the topic of love through heroines which have no interest in finding love, but whose destinies are on a trajectory towards that end. The story of Jane Eyre, an Autobiography, written by Charlotte Bronte, is a tragedy, the life of Jane filled with painful moments that seem to plague her life. As a child she is orphaned and sent to live with relatives who treat her poorly. She attends a school where cruelty is the main interaction with adults. Once she finds a position, the strangeness of the house is balanced against the love that she finds there, only to find out that the subject of her love is married to another. Love is denied to Jane throughout the novel, her life defined by a resignation to this fact. It is a surprise when she finds love, but her principles keep her from that love until such time as the circumstances around it become appropriate. A word that defines the nature of Jane is dignity, although much of the time those around her are working hard to deny her that quality. The story of Emma written by Jane Austen is a comedy which is in high contrast to the gothic, dark environment of Jane Eyre, an Autobiography. Where Jane is reserved and has had a difficult life financially, Emma has no financial worries and explores her world without much caution. Emma is an extrovert who tries to manipulate her environment with a blind belief that she knows what is best for everyone who comes into her life. The conflict comes as it appears that she does not know what is best for everyone else, not even herself. The novel is written from the perspective of Emma’s world view, the third person narration often sounding much more like it is coming from Emma’s thoughts. This perspective creates a humorous, often ironic narrative. Emma

Control & Co-ordination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Control & Co-ordination - Assignment Example The central nervous system gathers information from the peripheral nervous system and analyzes it to create action, and later resends it to the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. These two divisions work together to ensure that the body is able to respond to different internal and external changes and environments. A simplified chart showing the organisation of the nervous system is as shown below (Brelt, 2003). The forebrain is responsible for receiving and processing of detailed and complex sensory information, thought, perceptions and language. The forebrain is the part of the brain that differentiates the human beings from other organisms. This part of the brain is comprised of the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the cerebrum and cerebral cortex. The thalamus is responsible for sorting and differentiating information and sending/relaying it to the different parts of the fore brain. The hypothalamus controls and monitors activities such as eating, drinking or sexual activity by affecting the endocrine system to produce hormones. The cerebrum forms the largest part of the forebrain and processes information, relaying it to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is responsible for speech, grammar, mathematical abilities, non verbal emotions among others (Brelt, 2003). The midbrain is a link between the hind and fore parts of the brain. It relays information between the two brain parts and is responsible with auditory and visual responses such as hearing, sight, and sleep among others. This part of the brain, located just below the cerebral cortex is the smallest as compared to the forebrain and the hindbrain. The hindbrain is located at the rear of the skull and is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum and the pons. The medulla oblongata controls activities such as breathing and posture whereas the

Antibody mediated hypersensitivity is clinically more significant that Essay

Antibody mediated hypersensitivity is clinically more significant that cell mediated hypersensitivity. Discuss - Essay Example Immune system was initially separated in two branches. These were cellular immunity and the humoral immunity. The protective immunization function is found within the humor, serum or the cell-free body fluid, while the protective functions of the immunization was based in cellular immunity. The helper cells or the CD$ cells give protection against many pathogens. The Cytotoxic T cells lead to death through apoptosis without the use of cytokines, thus for the cell mediated immunity cytokines might fail to be present. Anabolic steroids are made up of some performance- enhancement drugs. These drugs do the mimicking of the testosterone inside the body and, therefore, facilitate performance by enlarging the muscle cells. These drugs if used inappropriately or at high doses or without supervisor they may cause irrational and erratic behavior and a wide range of adverse effects. Performance-enhancing drugs are used by bodybuilders, and by people of different age, right from middle-school to college students and old athletes. Anabolic steroids increase the protein production hence creating building blocks for bones, muscle cells, and body tissues. The main, side effects of the anabolic steroids is the androgenic effect, and its effect in damaging the liver (Benjamin 3). Androgenic response increases the male features like secondary characteristics, which normally come, up due to androgenic steroids. Medical indications in this case are due to inadequate production of testosterone within the body. The liver damage on the other side is influenced by the direct effect of oral steroids that gives the liver a hard time to metabolize. For many years, wise physicians have come to the realization that many human diseases could be understood as pathophysiology or a disordered physiology. In medicine, pathophysiology is one of the branches

The Art of Persuasion Essay Example for Free

The Art of Persuasion Essay Sometimes you have to work very hard to get people to see that what they are about to do is wrong. At times, you may feel like giving up, but don’t quit. My friend George was about to make a very crucial mistake when we were seniors in high school. He was spending time outside of school with one of our married female teachers and they were getting close to being very intimate. I immediately told him this was a bad idea and decided at that moment that I would do anything to help him from making a horrible mistake. If there’s one thing that I’ve learned from this experience, it’s that persistence pays off. While persistence may get someone to take action, you can’t really get them to change their mind or heart without also being empathetic and supportive. When George told me of his romantic involvement with one of our married female teachers, I decided to help him get away from the situation. To do this, I had to dedicate a lot of time to him. I tried to make plans to keep us busy and to keep him from thinking about her or going to see her. She was married with three children, and there was so much potential for a horrible situation to arise from their involvement. As hard as I tried to talk to George about it, he really didn’t want to hear what I had to say. So I had to learn that in order to persuade someone, you don’t always have to tell them want to do, but you do need be persistent in your plan. My plan was to keep him preoccupied and busy. I knew that I could distract George and possibly keep him away from our teacher long enough for the situation to pass, but he was going to have to be the one to make up his own heart. Trying to change someone’s heart is like trying to grab a bull by its horns; virtually impossible. So I learned that I had to let him talk about his feelings and the situation. I had to try to understand how he could feel such a way about our married teacher. To do this, I had to view her in a different context – as a regular person with her own personality and flaws. I also had to try to see how she could feel this way about George. I still offered my advice, but I mostly listened and let him talk it through. What I needed to do most to persuade George to stay away from our married teacher was to be supportive. When he made tough decisions, I had to stand by him. When he was angry, I had to hang on and let him vent his anger and frustration. When he cried, I had to be there to hug him. If he was going to continued to see her, I still had to support him because I knew that eventually I would be able to help him see all that was wrong in what he was doing. I guess it is true that you can’t help who you fall in love with, and love is a blind and driving force, but when the person you fall in love with is your authority figure, such as a teacher, and is married and has a family, taking action on those feelings is wrong. In order to persuade George to the let flame extinguish in this particular romance, I had to be persistent, empathetic, and supportive.

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees Disgrace

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees Disgrace The novel Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee has attracted wide readership and analysis since its first publication. Set in the post-apartheid South Africa, the plot revolves around the main character David Lurie, a divorced 52-year-old professor who earns a living by teaching communication courses at the Cape Technical University. The resounding conflict in the novel is introduced right from the first paragraph where readers learn of Luries insatiable sexual appetite. He had affairs with the wives of colleagues; he picked up tourists in bars on the waterfront or at the Club Italia; he slept with whores (7). Luries relationships thus surround women, many who end up in engaging in sexual activities with him. In this paper, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation are explored by reviewing Luries interactions with the women in the novel. Despite the portrayal of the female gender as objects of sexual gratification, the characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind signify, to a re asonable extent, the rejection of male hegemony on sexual matters. A critical analysis into the life of David Lurie reveals a character whose greatest flaw rests in the inability to control sexual drive. Readers get an idea of the flaw in the first paragraph when Lurie is introduced as a divorced, 52-year-old man who, to his mind has solved the problem of sex rather well (1). We also learn that the problem that Lurie alludes to above has been solved through his sexual relationship with Soraya, an exotic Muslim prostitute working for Discreet Escorts. Whereas the two are committed to a ninety-minute sexual session every Thursday Afternoon, their engagement is clearly devoid of love and enjoyment, especially from the side of Soraya. Elizabeth Lowry, an editor at London Review of Books, finds the relationship of Lurie and women as exploitative. She submits that, both the prostitute Soraya and Melanie-Melà ¡ni are used women and, significantly, they are both dark (Lowry 15). Money is what drives Soraya to honor this appointment. In fact, the objectific ation and commoditization of Soraya body is revealed from the knowledge that a single sexual session takes a duration of ninety minutes and costs a total of R400 (Coetzee 2). The relationship between Lurie and Soraya however ends in a state of disgrace for both characters. Disgrace being a theme which underpins much of the story, Lurie first instance of disgrace happens when he catches the sight of Soraya walking with her two sons along a street that he frequently walks. The glance of Soraya and her two sons live a lasting impression in Luries mind that, in as much as he would like to forget, the two little boys become presences between them (6). Evidently, the reality of Soraya double life leaves Lurie at a state of shame when he tries to imagine what the two sons and their father would do if they discover what he does with Soraya. The feeling is even made worse by the fact that he himself has no son and is divorced. Shame, regret, and dishonor cloud the minds of both these characters. Lurie speaks of she [Soraya] transforms herself into just another woman and him into just another client (Coetzee 7). It is also in this reality that Lurie comes to terms that he might just be a subject in the prostitutes gossip. McDonald (2007) puts this new reality into perspective by submitting that the illusion shattered [that is when Soraya eyes met that of Lurie] is not of her objectivity, but of his own subjectivity, as he becomes aware of how she sees him (McDonald 20). For the first time, he appears embarrassed of his age body as prostitute tend to shudder over older clients (Coetzee 8). Another theme that Coetzee reveals through the relationship of Lurie and women is that of arrogance. Arrogance entails an overbearing attitude directed to people who are perceived as inferior. This arrogance brings to light the hegemonic gender relations between men and women. For instance, after Soraya rejected Luries tendency to regain dominance over her, Lurie re-asserts his dominance when he asks rhetorical questions: what should a predator expect when he intrudes into the vixens nest, into the home of her cubs? (Coetzee 10). McDonald (2009) suggests that objectifying Soraya through the use of animal metaphors was a strategy used by Lurie to reclaim dominance and authority (21). Even though the details surrounding their Luries marriage to Rosalind are scarce, we can gain a wind of Luries arrogance in the marriage set-up through the thoughts that run through his mind. For instance, in an attempt to justify his sexual escapades with Soraya, he appears to suggest that; who needs a w ife, home or marriage when ninety minutes a week with a womans company are enough to make him happy? This is arrogance of the highest order especially to women who, in marriage setup, tend to be very loyal and submissive. Arrogance is further revealed through Luries encounter with Desiree Isaacs. Despite the fact that he has visited their home to make apology for sleeping with Melanie (a student from his class), one cannot help but wonder how again Lurie still views Desiree through lustful lenses. He for instance describes her as the beauty and the desired one. He even imagines the two of them [Melanie and Desiree] in the same bed: an experience fit for a King (164). However, still through Luries relationship to Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind, the theme of reconciliation is explored as even male hegemony in gender relations is rejected. For instance, Luries makes an attempt to reconcile with Soraya by tracking her to her home. Soraya rejects this and in turn demands [commands] Lurie to never phone her home again. Desiree on the other hand finds it very hard to reconcile with an old man who had messed up with her sister. In as much as the family had discussed about Lurie and his planned visit, Desiree still thinks that he is unwanted visitor. She simply cannot come into terms with the reality that her sister, Melanie, had slept with this old man. The process of reconciliation between Isaacs, particularly women, is complicated by the gender sexuality that comes into play. We for instance read of Luries apology when he, with careful ceremony he gets to his knees and touches his forehead to the floor (Coetzee 173). This gesture however leaves t he mother and Desiree unmoved. It can be argued that the rejection of the apology has more to do with the elements of insincerity. According to J.M. Austerities (2016), it is argued that the gesture neither transcends not negates the predicament of gendered sexuality because, a few lines later, we see Lurie experiencing again the current leaps, the current of desire as he looks into the eyes of mother and daughter (J.M. Austerities 160). Nonetheless, Rosalind depicts a woman who has gained control over her life and is willing to reconcile with her husband but not necessarily emotionally. She openly expresses distaste for Luries sexual escapades with Melanie. She says, The whole thing is disgraceful from beginning to end. Disgraceful and vulgar too. And Im not sorry for saying so. (45) Through Rosalind, we see a woman who is not afraid to stand up against a man who had divorced her. However, we can also sense an aspect of Rosalind that is determined to reconcile their differences and be on civil terms. For example, she expresses concern over an article in the Argus news article discussing Lurie. By telephoning and urging Lurie to steel himself, there isa sense of a woman who is on a reconciliation mission. In conclusion, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation are explored in light of gendered-sexual relations between Lurie and characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind. Objectification and commoditization of women as sexual tools are the source of Luries arrogance. His character eventually disgraces him when he becomes the objects of self-shame and public ridicule. Because of Luries hegemonic views when he comes to gender relations, the process of reconciliation is complicated to those who cannot explain or accept his behavior. Works Cited Coetzee, J M. Disgrace. Penguin Publishing Group, 2017. Internet resource. J.M. Coetzees Austerities. New York. Routledge, 2016. Print Lowry, Elizabeth. Like a dog. London Review of Books 14 (1999): 12-14. McDonald, William E. Encountering Disgrace: Reading and Teaching Coetzees Novel. Rochester, N.Y: Camden House, 2009. Print.

how simple love can be :: Personal Narrative Essays

how simple love can be    I imagine slipping out of my dress and into the tub, lying in the gentle light from the window, my eyes closed against the insistence of the mid-summer heat. I allow my body to remember the rhythms of the water, and I dream of the green spring which first drew people to this city and centuries later still bubbles up between the stones and the sand. I can hear those first horses and men snort as they drink, so near death and then saved by a crevice in the earth that sings of a cool darkness and a hundred thousand rains.  Ã‚  Ã‚      But the heat of this August night pulls me back.   Reality is a street cafà © in Nimes, where Cam is nursing his last cup of coffee. As I struggle to let go of the daydream, a young dark haired girl with chubby arms and tired eyes places a card and a small, stuffed blue bear beside my cup. After looking for a moment into our faces, a moment when no one's expression changes, the child quietly makes her way to the next table. When all the tables have been served, she rags her feet to go stand by her brothers and father who wait on the sidewalk. At the sound of the father's mandolin and a nod of his head, the brothers join in on a rough rendition of an old Spanish folk song.  Ã‚      The cafà ©'s patrons, in deference to the little girl or in a desire for the music to stop, begin to lay money down on the cards, and after a few moments of voiceless scuffling with her brothers, the young girl is pushed toward the tables. Once again wearing a blank but intense face, she gathers the bills and coins into her hands, then quickly walks back and hands them to her father. He nods at his inattentive audience, touches his hat, and without a word, he and his family drift down the street to the next cafà ©.    I reach for the bear, study its polka dot bow tie and swing it on my finger by its gaudy golden thread while smiling at Cam. He tears it out of my hand to throw it after the family, but I hold on to his wrist, and still smiling, open his palm, take the bear back and drop it into my pack.

Rhetorical Analysis for “Ways of Talking” Essay

The optimist sees the rose and not its thornsÍ ¾ the pessimist stares at the thorns, oblivious of the rose†, said Kahil Gibran, a Lebanese artist, poet, and writer. In other words, optimists see the more favorable side of the flower, the beauty of the rose, while pessimists focus on the negative parts, blinding their view of the beauty. Ha Jin’s poem relates to this because he illustrates the change from a pessimist to an optimist. In his poem â€Å"Ways of Talking†, Jin explicates the beauty that arises once we rid of our negative minds. Jin uses the word â€Å"grief† to explain that we used to choose to lament, then we couldn’t help to, and finally we stopped doing so. Why did he incorporate â€Å"grief†? Why not â€Å"mourning† or â€Å"bereavement†? Grief is a response to loss, as is mourningÍ ¾ although, mourning results in a loss that produces a strong emotional response, one much stronger than grief . Grief is used because Jin is getting across that whatever causes it can be overlookedÍ ¾ we need only to find the positive in losses. He includes repetition of â€Å"talking about/expressing grief† to elucidate the stages of choosing to focus on negatives, being able to only see the negatives, and deciding to stop focusing on negatives.

Ancient Commerce in China Essay

1- The route The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is the most famous and important historically trading route of ancient Chinese civilization. This historical network of interlinking, with more than 4000 miles, between East, South, Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa began to be used under the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220). Originally, the Chinese trade silk occurred internally within the empire, but the caravans were often attacked by central Asian tribes, hoping to find some valuable commodities. In order to protect these caravans, the Han Dynasty extended its military defenses further into Central Asia. Later came the idea to expand the silk trade to central Asia. Silk Road extension: The land routes are red, and the water routes are blue Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 2- Name and Purpose The Silk Road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade that was the major reason to sustain the route for so wide area. Some scholars prefer the term â€Å"Silk Routes† because of the several network of routes existed there. Trading silk was not the only purpose of the Silk Road, many other commodities were also traded. In addition to silk the route carried other precious goods like gold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones and glass, exotic animals and plants were trade as well. Indeed the silk was the most remarkable goods, mainly among the Romans, it became very popular in Rome for its soft texture and attractiveness making the Romans sees the route mainly as a Silk Route. Although this fact, the name â€Å"Silk Road† originated in the nineteenth century, coined by the German scholar, von Richthofen. 3- Routes The intercontinental Silk Road had two different overland routes bypassing the Taklimakan Desert and Lop Nur. The northern route started at Chang’an (now called Xi’an), the capital of the ancient Chinese Kingdom, which, in the Later Han, was moved further east to Luoyang. The route was defined about the 1st century BCE as Han Wudi put an end to harassment by nomadic tribes The southern route was mainly a single route running from China, through the Karakoram, where it persists to modern times as the international paved road connecting Pakistan and China as the Karakoram Highway. It then set off westwards, but with southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points. Crossing the high mountains, it passed through northern Pakistan, over the Hindu Kush mountains, and into Afghanistan, rejoining the northern route near Merv. From there, it followed a nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran, Mesopotamia and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant, where Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy, while land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa. Another branch road traveled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome. The Silk Road in the 1st century Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 4- Mongol Age In central Asia, Islam expanded from the 7th century onward, bringing a stop to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751. Further expansion of the Islamic Turks in Central Asia from the 10th century finished disrupting trade in that part of the world. For a long time during the Middle Ages, the Islamic Caliphate often had a monopoly over much of the trade conducted across the route. Under the command of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire rapidly proceeded to conquer a huge region of Asia, the Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped to bring political and stability and re-establish the Silk Road. The partial unification of so many states under the Mongol Empire allowed a significant interaction between cultures of different regions. The trading started to happen again and the route became important as path for communication between different parts of the Empire once more. The Mongols, in general, were more open to ideas, more sympathetic to different religions and nationalities promoting the trading. Around 1288, the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China, he was not the first, however, the most well known and best documented visitor. In his tales, The Travels of Marco Polo, he describes the way of life in the cities and small kingdoms through which his party passed, with particular interest on the trade and marriage customs, opening the western eyes to some of the customs of the Far East. 5- The Peak, Decline and the Sea Route In seventh century, the Silk Route had its height of importance at this time during the Tang dynasty China was a living a relative stability after the divisions of the earlier dynasties since the Han. The art and civilization of the Silk Road achieved its highest poin in the Tang Dynasty. Changan, as the starting point of the route, as well as the capital of the dynasty, developed into one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities of the time. By 742 A.D its population reached almost two million people and in 754 A.D it had around five thousand foreigners living in the city. During the Mongol Empire as mentioned before, the route established a new good period but despite the presence of the Mongols, the route never reached the heights that it did in the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, with the disintegration of the Mongol empire, that was fairly short-lived, the barriers rose again on the land route between East and West. After the Mongol Empire, the control of the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated. The demise of the Silk Road developed the Silk Route by sea at that time it was becoming easier and safer to transport goods by water than overland (Later however, the sea route suffered a lot of problems like bad weather and pirates). Beside this the sea route passed by promising new markets in Southern Asia at that time. The commerce with China and Asia at that time was very profitable and this situation is significantly important in explaining several factors about the present economy. It was the main driving factor for the Portuguese, and later Europeans, explorations of the Indian Ocean, including the sea of China. 6- Nowadays The last link along the Silk Road was completed in 1990, when the railway connecting Lanzhou to Urumchi was extended to the border with Kazakhstan, providing an important route to the new republics and beyond. Beside this the trade route itself is also being reopened, trading between the peoples of Xinjiang and Russia has developed quickly. The new republics in Central Asia have been contributing much of the heavy industry of the region. Trade with China has also utilized the route it was encouraged by the socialist market economy and its benefits to the market. 7- Conclusion The Silk Road played a key role in the development of the ancient economy in Asia, especially in China, In China it was the main responsible to significantly increase the number of foreign merchants present in China under the Han Dynasty and exposing the Chinese and visitors to their country to different cultures and religions. Buddhism spread from India to China because of trade along the Silk Route. This route was very important in foreign trade, during all history of civilization in the last 1200 years, placing China and India, and all East Asia, in a major role for contact with the western world in a time when this region was isolated by deserts and oceans. During the Mongol Empire, based on the Mongol’s idea of liberty about different religions and cultures, once more, the route had a very important role in the foreign trade and culture exchange between Asia countries and some countries of Europe and Africa as well. Later, the great population and the varieties of products attracted the European interest (economic center of the world at that time), by sea several expeditions in order to explore the commerce in that region change the course of the world, affecting the Americas and Africa as well Asia, being decisive in the current political, economic and social aspects of several countries in these continents.