Concepts of Unions

Question: Portray about the Business Plan for Chilka? Answer: Presentation: Uncommonly made for utilization by people, Drinks are the refreshments which structure a piece of the human culture and the general public. At the point when human body faces drying out, it encounters the vibe of extinguishing thirst. Despite the fact that all the soda pop, liquor under refreshment is in the fluid structure, still just water isn't considered as the drink. Expanded division of items alongside the created uber brands assists with having clear market decision. For example, low fat, low salt, low calories gluten free and so forth. For instance, in U.K., procedure of Coca Cola has presented Coca Cola Zero, which is incorporated with Coca cola life, Diet Coke and Coca Cola and under one brand, Coca Cola. This new methodology will put center around the few attributes of Coca Cola and bring issues to light for every one of the accessible decisions. An exceptional utilization of item go invited the association of the e-business to have creation development, advertise development alongside client maintenance. Fuse of ICT empowers business association to advertise its items through web. Structure Companys official site, clients can visit companys official site to think about its item. Clients are likewise ready to know companys client support arrangements and can get to the input board so as to give criticism and recommendations, which thusly gives the data of clients (locale, area, name, utilized items). Depiction of the association: As a new company, I have picked a refreshment organization to set up. Drink result of this organization will be named as Chilka, which will be the brand name too. Chilka will create the soda pop or carbonated beverage and mineral water as a new company (Bradberry, 2011). As a new company, producing cost by and large will be estimated and the fuse cost of ICT in our business will likewise be estimated (Sutherland, 2009). In todays world ICT put an extraordinary effect on the hierarchical worth, as for time, cost and morals. At the point when I will consider the ramifications of ICT in my business I will bring the E-trade (e-business) perspective so as to showcase my item. With the fuse of web business, me will be able to dissect the current market situation and the technique of contenders. Subsequently it will make it simple to draw the purchasing conduct of the clients. Consequently, Chilka can carry more items to step its feet into the food drink industry. For instance, we can found such a large number of establishments of refreshment organizations, where a few flavorful nourishments are sold with drink. In this situation, fuse of ICT to empower our association to discover the purchasing behavior of our client and assists with getting criticism of the client. Henceforth further desires and improvement in the organization can be made effectively (Centrifugal Technology Benefits the Global Beverage I ndustry, 2001). Administrations and items: As it is referenced above, as a new company situation, our organization will convey soda pop and the mineral water, as offers are not all that a lot to carry new item alongside these two. At the point when the organization will make its effective presentation alongside its expanding business, it no uncertainty has wanted to bring new items for client maintenance (Cousins, Foskett and Pennington, 2011). Our organization will likewise give the client assistance to know the client criticism about companys item and valuable proposal of the client to think about the further improvement in the client support plan and items. Undoubtedly, when clients are approached to give their significant input and their data, their data will be kept private (Hawkins and Holden, 2013). Our drink organization will likewise incorporate the arrangement to make establishment store in such a manner the various classes of client will feel solace to visit our store. For instance, moms with her youngster in a pram are permitted to get to the lift administration. There will likewise have some accessible office so as to make a crippled individual to encounter the visit and trial of drinks and nourishments (Hogan and Lucke, 2006). Contender investigation: In todays present day world, there are bunches of drink organizations are accessible over the globe who are at the most noteworthy situation as far as income and client maintenance (Sihler, Crawford and Davis, 2004, for example, Coca Cola Pepsi As a business methodology Coca Cola has received one brand procedure. Under this system Coca Cola Zero has incorporated with Coca cola life, Diet Coke and Coca Cola and under one brand, Coca Cola. With this methodology Coca Cola has stretched out with these four items in the arrangement of Coca Cola. Then again the new bundling plans of Coca Cola item make it simpler for the client to pick an item (Longenecker, Moore and Petty, 2000). The less and no sugar alongside a few calorie levels of Coca Cola introduced in the publicizing, where it was declared that the less and no sugar procedure will twofold the offer of Coca Cola. For this situation various hues continue recognizing every variation. This new methodology will put center around the few qualities of Coca Cola and bring issues to light for every one of the accessible decisions (Ishikawa and Tsujimoto, 2008). While the business technique of the Pepsi is concerned, the procedure of methodology improvement made it apparent that the PepsiCo is in excess of a refreshment and food maker. It is additionally can be found as a horticultural organization which is subject to the regular and land assets. The organization has assembled a group to be refreshed on the reasonable agribusiness to moderate the danger of atmosphere and water emergency and its impact on the flexibly chain. Consequently the organization has built up the creative innovation I-harvest to assist ranchers with deciding how and when to utilize water assets (Lesonsky, 2007). End: With the joining of the ICT in the current decade can help a business association to create huge volume of item inside less time. ICT make it conceivable to the entrepreneurs to see the by and large the development of the organization with the remotely gotten to innovation. This remotely get to innovation includes appropriated application programming idea, where administrator of the organization can embed, alter and erase information into companys information base and the proprietor of the organization can see the status settling down anyplace on the planet. ICT fuse likewise empower business association to showcase its items through web. Structure Companys official site, clients can visit companys official site to think about its item. Clients are additionally ready to know companys client care approaches and can get to the criticism board so as to give input and recommendations, which thusly gives the data of clients (district, area, name, utilized items). Incorporation of ICT additionally empowers a business association to pick up the data on the contenders showcasing system and their ability of client maintenance. References Bradberry, J. (2011). 6 privileged insights to startup achievement. New York: American Management Association. Diffusive Technology Benefits the Global Beverage Industry. (2001). Filtration Separation, 38(7), pp.30-31. Cousins, J., Foskett, D. what's more, Pennington, A. (2011). Food and Beverage Management. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. Hawkins, B. what's more, Holden, C. (2013). Confining the liquor arrangement banter: industry on-screen characters and the guideline of the UK drink liquor showcase. Basic Policy Studies, 7(1), pp.53-71. Hogan, J. what's more, Lucke, T. (2006). Driving development with new items: regular valuing traps to stay away from. Diary of Business Strategy, 27(1), pp.54-58. Ishikawa, A. what's more, Tsujimoto, A. (2008). Inventive showcasing for new item and new business improvement. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Lesonsky, R. (2007). Go into business. [Irvine, Calif.]: Entrepreneur Press. Longenecker, J., Moore, C. what's more, Petty, J. (2000). Independent venture the executives. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub. Sihler, W., Crawford, R. also, Davis, H. (2004). Brilliant money related administration. New York: American Management Association. Sutherland, K. (2009). Filtration gear showcases in the food and refreshment segment. Filtration Industry Analyst, 2009(4), pp.5-6. Tektas, A. what's more, Tosun, E. (2010). Execution Benchmarking in Turkish Food and Beverage Industry. CIBIMA, pp.1-10.

Biography of Queen Elizabeth I, Virgin Queen of England

Life story of Queen Elizabeth I, Virgin Queen of England Elizabeth I (Born Princess Elizabeth; September 7, 1533â€March 24, 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603, the remainder of the Tudor rulers. She never wedded and deliberately styled herself as the Virgin Queen, married to the country. Her rule was set apart by enormous development for England, particularly in politically influential nation and social impact. Quick Facts: Queen Elizabeth I Known For: Queen of England from 1558â€1603, known for crushing the Spanish Armada and empowering social growthAlso Known As: Princess Elizabeth, the Virgin QueenBorn: September 7, 1533 in Greenwich, EnglandParents: King Henry VIII and Anne BoleynDied: March 24, 1603 in Richmond, EnglandEducation: Educated by William Grindal and Roger Ascham, among othersPublished Works: Letters, talks, and sonnets (gathered in present day times in the volume, Elizabeth I: Collected WorksNotable Quote: I realize I have the body of a powerless and weak lady, however I have the heart and stomach of a ruler and of a lord of England too.† Early Life On September 7, 1533, Anne Boleyn, at that point Queen of England, brought forth the Princess Elizabeth. She was purified through water three days after the fact and was named after her fatherly grandmother, Elizabeth of York. The princesss appearance was a harsh frustration, as her folks had been sure that she would be a kid, the son Henry VIII so urgently needed and had hitched Anne to have. Elizabeth once in a while observed her mom and before she was 3, Anne Boleyn was executed on exaggerated accusations of infidelity and injustice. The marriage was announced invalid and Elizabeth was then proclaimed ill-conceived, as her half-sister, Mary, had been, and decreased to the title of Lady rather than Princess. In spite of this, Elizabeth was instructed under the absolute most exceptionally respected teachers of the time, including William Grindal and Roger Ascham. When she had contacted her youngsters, Elizabeth knew Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. She was likewise a capable artist, ready to play the spinet and lute. She even formed a bit. Reestablished to the Line of Succession After Henry fathered a child, a demonstration of Parliament in 1543 restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of progression, however it didn't reestablish their authenticity. At the point when Henry kicked the bucket in 1547, Edward, his solitary child, prevailing to the seat. Elizabeth went to live with Henry’s widow, Catherine Parr. At the point when Parr got pregnant in 1548, she sent Elizabeth away to set up her own family unit, following episodes of her better half, Thomas Seymour, obviously endeavoring to prepare or lure Elizabeth. After Parr’s demise in 1548, Seymour started conspiring to accomplish more force and furtively plotted to wed Elizabeth. After he was executed for injustice, Elizabeth encountered her first brush with outrage and needed to persevere through thorough examination. After the outrage passed, Elizabeth spent the remainder of her brother’s rule living unobtrusively and respectably,â A Focal Point for Discontent Edward VI endeavored to exclude the two his sisters, preferring his cousin Lady Jane Gray for the seat. Be that as it may, he did as such without the support of Parliament and his will was obviously unlawful, just as disliked. After his passing in 1533, Mary prevailing to the seat and Elizabeth joined her triumphant procession. Unfortunately, Elizabeth before long lost kindness with her Catholic sister, likely because of English Protestants considering her to be an option in contrast to Mary. Since Mary marry her Catholic cousin, Philip II of Spain, Thomas Wyatt (the child of one of Anne Boleyns companions) drove a defiance, which Mary accused on Elizabeth. She sent Elizabeth to the Tower of London, where hoodlums including Elizabeths mother had anticipated execution. With no proof found against her, and Queen Mary’s spouse seeing her as an advantage for a political marriage, Elizabeth evaded execution and was discharged. Mary endured a bogus pregnancy in 1555, leaving Elizabeth everything except sure to acquire. Elizabeth I Becomes Queen Mary kicked the bucket on November 17, 1558, and Elizabeth acquired the seat, the third and last of Henry VIII’s youngsters to do as such. Her parade into London and crowning celebration were perfect works of art of political explanation and arranging, and her increase was dealt with heartily by numerous individuals in England who sought after more noteworthy strict toleration. Elizabeth immediately gathered a Privy Council and advanced various key counsels: One, William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), was named head secretary. Their association would end up being productive and he stayed in her administration for a long time. The Marriage Question One inquiry that hounded Elizabeth, especially in the early piece of her rule, was the topic of progression. Various occasions, the parliament gave her official demands that she wed. The vast majority of the English populace trusted that marriage would tackle the issue of a lady administering. Ladies were not accepted to be fit for driving powers into fight. Their psychological forces were viewed as sub-par compared to men. Men frequently offered Elizabeth spontaneous guidance, especially with respect to the desire of God, which just men were accepted to have the option to decipher. Elizabeth I’s Image In spite of the dissatisfaction, Elizabeth represented with her head. She realized how to utilize romance as a valuable political device, and she used it unbelievably. For an amazing duration, Elizabeth had an assortment of admirers. The nearest she came to marriage was likely with long-lasting companion Robert Dudley, however that expectation finished when his first spouse passed on strangely and Elizabeth needed to separate herself from embarrassment. At long last, she wouldn't wed and furthermore would not name a political replacement. Elizabeth developed the picture of herself as the Virgin Queen married to her realm, and her talks utilized sentimental dialects, for example, love, in characterizing her job. The battle was completely effective, keeping up Elizabeth as one of England’s best-cherished rulers. Religion Elizabeth’s rule denoted a change from Mary’s Catholicism and an arrival to the arrangements of Henry VIII, whereby the English ruler was leader of an English church. The Act of Supremacy in 1559 started a procedure of slow change, adequately making the Church of England. As a major aspect of her way of change in the congregation, Elizabeth broadly announced that she would endure everything except theâ most radical sects. She requested just outward compliance, reluctant to constrain inner voices. This wasn’t enough for progressively extraordinary Protestants, and Elizabeth confronted analysis from them. Mary, Queen of Scots and Catholic Intrigue Elizabeth’s choice to receive Protestantism earned her judgment from the pope, who gave authorization for her subjects to ignore and even execute her. This aggravated various plots against Elizabeth’s life, a circumstance exacerbated by Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary Stuart, Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin, was the granddaughter of Henry’s sister and was seen by numerous individuals to be a Catholic beneficiary to the seat. In 1568, Mary fled Scotland after her union with Lord Darnley finished in murder and a dubious remarriage,â and she asked for Elizabeths help to be reestablished to control. Elizabeth didn’t need to return Mary to full power in Scotland, yet she didn’t need the Scots to execute her, either. She saved Mary in constrainment for a long time, yet her quality in England end up being adverse to the tricky strict parity inside the nation, as Catholics utilized her as a revitalizing point. Mary was the focal point of plots to murder Elizabeth during the 1580s. In spite of the fact that Elizabeth opposed calls to charge and execute Mary from the start, eventually, she was convinced by proof that Mary hosted been gathering to the plots, not only a reluctant nonentity. All things considered, Elizabeth battled against marking the execution warrant as far as possible, venturing to such an extreme as to empower private death. After the execution, Elizabeth asserted that the warrant was dispatched against her desires; regardless of whether that was valid or not is obscure. War and the Spanish Armada England’s Protestant religion put it at chances with neighboring Catholic Spain and, to a lesser degree, France. Spain was associated with military plots against England and Elizabeth went under weight from home to get engaged with safeguarding different Protestants on the mainland, which once in a while she did. The execution of Mary Stuart persuaded Philip in Spain that the time had come to vanquish England and reestablish Catholicism inside the nation. Stuart’s execution likewise implied that he would not need to put a partner of France on the seat. In 1588, he propelled the infamous Armada. Elizabeth went to Tilbury Camp to energize her soldiers, announcing: â€Å"I realize I have the body of a frail and weak lady, yet I have the heart and stomach of a ruler, and a lord of England as well, and might suspect foul contempt that Parma or Spain, or any sovereign of Europe, should set out attack the fringes of my realm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢ At long last, England vanquished the Armada and Elizabeth was triumphant. This would end up being the peak of her rule: Only a year later, a similar Armada everything except obliterated the English Navy. Leader of the Golden Age The long stretches of Elizabeth’s rule are regularly alluded to just utilizing her name-The Elizabethan Age. Such was her significant impact on the country. The period is likewise called the Golden Age, for these years saw England ascend to the status of politically influential nation because of journeys of investigation and monetary development. Close to the finish of her rule, England encountered a blooming abstract culture. Edward Spenser and William Shakespeareâ were both upheld by the sovereign and likely

An Uncreative Post

An Uncreative Post One day, fun things happened. I started blogging about them immediately… only to be interrupted by more excitement (which, naturally, I had to blog about). Post intros began piling up, losing their relevance and interest. As a result, I have not blogged for eternity. One day, I may complete all those hopeful post beginnings, reenact the thrill of days long past. But for now, in dreadfully uncreative bullet form, I’ll highlight the essentials of IAP and Spring semester. During IAP, I took two classes, 18.S097 Introduction to Mathematical Proofs and 20.219 Becoming the Next Bill Nye: Writing and Hosting the Educational Show, and spent most evenings toiling over script, storyboard, research, and editing of an educational video on fractals. I see fractals everywhere now. It’s pretty great. During the last week of IAP, the 20.219 instructor, Elizabeth C. ‘13 (who also happens to be an alum blogger, and has written about her awesome film-making job) and a visiting film crew from Washington, D.C. professionally produced my video. Through them, I learned that filming takes a ton of work (more on that in a separate post). Our video was only five minutes long, and took at least 12 hours just to film! I still haven’t seen the edited version, but am already beyond excited to appear in an actual YouTube educational video, as a host.  Here a preview of the final project (the non-professional version I made for the class final, actual video coming soon): IAP was also a time for exploration. Many on hall felt free and ready to mingle, and went out every week to fun locations, like Chinatown or the North End (“Boston’s Little Italy”). Out of these outings, Escape MIT, a new student group was conceived. Its purpose is “to promote mental health and community engagement among the students of MIT through off-campus cultural, culinary, and arts events.” That is the fancy constitutional definition. Simply put, Escape MIT is for the hosed students who want to “burst the MIT bubble,” that is, explore Boston and other parts of Massachusetts with friends. We’ve recently submitted a formal application and a constitution to be recognized as an MIT student group. So, those who plan to visit during CPW (and you definitely should if you have the chance), may see our table at the Activities’ Midway. I have started feeding myself, which is a daunting task. Mostly, I default to icky canned food and sometimes vegetables. I have become a connoisseur of Campbell’s canned soups. On a good day, I can find a nice stack of canned tuna and powdered mashed potatoes in my room. On bad days, I have to go out to buy a salad (or eat human food that looks suspiciously like dog chow). Still, all that is better than the dining hall experience. I pay less, even if I eat out multiple times a week. I set my own schedule. I don’t have to travel to eat (actually, I don’t even have to travel to shop Amazon Prime Pantry and Instacart are wonderful). I will soon make time to cook collaboratively with friends. Even though delicious home-cooked meals have become a burning desire, overall, self-feeding has been great. 10/10 would recommend. We have a lot of snow around here (which you’ve probably heard; if not, marvel here). We even have a new mountain on campus that people climb with a fervor of the first mountaineers (check it out here). We also have snow days. MIT doesn’t have those often, and I can see why. Students hate the snow days. Snow days here don’t imply a “get out of school free” permit. They mean that we have to study the material on our own, or attend make up lectures, or tune in for Google Hangout sessions, or just struggle through the homework with no understanding of the topic. Despite the snow days, professors’ syllabi don’t change and students’ productivity doesn’t increase. We do not like snow days. They mean more work for less knowledge. During snow days, hall residents gathered in the lounge often. We were all shut off from the world, and that was kind of great, because for a couple hours, we really didn’t have anything better to do. Together, we went out to test the snow. This was before the disgusting salty sludge replaced the white carpet, so we got to sink into the clean softness, get thoroughly soaked and cold and happy. The river was concealed by a cover of snow, so for once Boston and MIT were one entity, united under the royal purple sky. On Valentine’s Day, Boston was completely snowed in, so First East celebrated by watching a compilation of propaganda. But actually, it was a documentary called Atomic Cafe, which “cover[ed] the beginnings of the era of nuclear warfare, created from a broad range of archival film from the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s including newsreel clips, television news footage, U.S. government-produced films (including military training films), advertisements, television and radio programs” (says Wikipedia). We all loved the film. An indoor Valentine’s Day Saturday wasn’t bad at all with friends. This spring semester, I am taking five classes (because the credit limit is higher for second-semester frosh and no one wants to waste the precious A/B/C/No Record grading). They are, in numerical order: 7.013 Introductory Biology, 8.02 Physics II (Electricity Magnetism), 11.125 Introduction to Education: Understanding and Evaluating Education, 18.03 Differential Equations, and 21M.600 Intro to Acting. Three of those (7.013, 8.02, 18.03) are pretty standard frosh classes. My best friend and I share them and can pset together. 21M.600 is also quite a popular HASS-A (humanities arts class) among MIT students, and for good reasons, which I’ll reveal in another post. 11.125 will get a bullet point of its own because it has been life-changing. I am no longer a potential Course 18 (Theoretical Mathematics) major! Now I present myself as Course 11, which is technically Urban Studies and Planning, but Education is a possible concentration within the department (maybe Environmental Policy also). Theoretical math will be my minor. After much thought, I realized that mathematics had little application to my life plan. I love it still, but education is what thrills me the most, and I don’t want to miss out on the incredible education courses that MIT (and Harvard) offers. The choice was finalized during the first session of 11.125, where I drooled (metaphorically) at the prospect of discussing Common Core Mathematics, standardized testing, and curriculum/assessment tools. I’ve seen that reaction before, from my friends excited about their fields of study, so I guess education is a good fit for me. It brings out a wonderful feeling I had almost deemed impossible. My final point has come to an end, and with this, I’ll complete the two-month overview. Soon, I’ll get to more thorough blogging, but for now, I must rush to write an essay on education. It is my first MIT composition. Until later, which is hopefully soon Post Tagged #11.125 Evaluating Education

There Is No I in Government George Orwell´s 1984 Novel

There is No I in Government George Washington once said, â€Å"Government is not reason, it is not eloquence, it is force; like fire, a troublesome servant and a fearful master. Never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action.† With the ability to change society in vast directions, government is the controlling power of its people. Its power to control our nation’s economy and law are something to be feared. However, there are always more numbers in society than in government. Society is limitless, broad, and expanding. Government is small, limited, and finite. For this reason, the general population should hold no fear in guiding the government in its choices. 1984 written by George Orwell and V for Vendetta directed by James†¦show more content†¦For example, the head of the Mouth manipulates the newscast to report that V’s terrorism upon the Old Bailey is a planned demolition, to reduce the spread of revolution. However, contrasts still remain even within these blunt comparisons. In 1984, the Inner Party does not limit itself to watch every single move of residents. Cameras are installed in every location, even in houses, to make sure citizens do not revolt. In contrast, the government in V for Vendetta is more permissive on its surveillance. The Norsefire party does not set up cameras in the houses of citizens, but there are still cameras in public properties. Furthermore, the police forces act on a different level in 1984 and V for Vendetta. The Finger’s secret police tried to abuse their power by attempting to rape and possibly kill a lonely woman who was straying at night during the story. Conversely, the Thought Police show no such vulgar act as they are devoted to the Inner Party. Incidentally, Big Brother is a mysterious figure whose true nature is unknown to the reader. It is not shown if Big Brother is merely a fabricated idea or a tangible human being. In contrast, Adam Sutler is a real person as shown, which allowed him to be shot in the head during the final scenes of V for Vendetta. Most importantly, while the Norsefire Party and the Inner Party are representations of totalitarian commands, the government in V for Vendetta is incapable of constraining radical beliefs before they spark. SinceShow MoreRelated1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesStudy of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that are applicable to the totalitarian government systems prevalentRead MoreThe Literary Impact Of George Orwell . George Orwell, Born1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Literary Impact of George Orwell George Orwell, born as Eric Arthur Blair, was a British journalist and author. His works were compelling, especially, when it comes to his strong political beliefs. He is considered one of the most widely admired English-language essayists of the twentieth century. As Elkins points out, he is best known for the two novels that were written toward the end of his life: the anti-utopian political allegory Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-FourRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Parsons s Eye Of The Sky 1071 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Eye in the Sky† Performed by: The Alan Parsons Project The Alan Parsons Project s song â€Å"Eye in the Sky† is about surveillance. Someone is always listening and watching every move we make. When Alan Parson sings the following lyrics â€Å"Don t Say words you’re gonna Regret† (8). He is warning us that, we are always being watched and,Read More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesday-and-night. George Orwell’s novel 1984, written in 1949, depicts and illustrates the future of the 1980’s. Orwell imagined the world in which totalitarianism reigned, individualism is dead, and history is just sentiment. The world diverged into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. With protagonist Winston Smith and the citizens of Oceania, they have experienced the impression, having to live life behind closed doors perpetually, also known as Big Brother. On top of this, the government directedRead MoreAnalysis Of Annabel s Annabel 1696 Words   |  7 PagesNovel Research Winter, Kathleen. (2010). Annabel. House of Anasi press Review Number 1: D’erasmo, Stacey. (2011). Announcing Her Existence. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/books/review/DErasmo-t.html Kathleen Winter’s, Annabel, takes place in 1968 in Croydon Harbor, Labrador, Canada. The plot starts off with a baby being born as an intersex and centers around the baby’s identity. It is decided at the baby’s birth that his birth gender will be kept a secretRead MoreEric Blair, Under The Pen Name George Orwell, Once Said,1462 Words   |  6 PagesEric Blair, under the pen name George Orwell,   once said, â€Å"Writing a book is a horrible, exhausting struggle, like a long bout of some painful illness. One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand†. In May of 1946, Orwell liberated himself to the islands of the Hebrides with the desperate hope to expose himself to all the creative demons that crawled within his mind. His masterpiece struck the world with the waking fear ofRead MoreComparing 1984 And The Giver By George Orwell979 Words   |  4 PagesThe world has observed multip le authoritarian governments rise throughout history. These regimes have carried a faà §ade in front of their subjects to remain powerful and glorified. However, the true circumstances of the society are not perfect, in fact, they convey the opposite. Such governments, impose their ideologies amongst their innocent citizens. Citizens are unable to speak out against their government or hold political freedoms. To remain in power, the reigning party must utilize tactics toRead MoreLiterary Context Of Dystopian Literature1746 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Moore first explored the idea of a perfect world in his novel Utopia, many authors have been playing with that concept. This is namely seen in Jack London’s Iron Heel, published in 1906 or Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We, published in 1920 or even Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, published in 1932. However, it is in George Orwell’s 1984 that a truly horrific dystopian world is portrayed. 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The Debate Over Organic Certification For Aquatic Animals

a) Becky Mansfield uses â€Å"the debate over organic certification for aquatic animals† (216) in order to enlighten the inconsistency of the organic movement’s ideas (230). The organic community creates standards that are supported by their ideas, but when the ideas become inconsistent and contradictory, it becomes very clear that their standards are not set up on stable grounds. b) The article was written in 2004, two years after the â€Å"first US National Organic Standards† was implemented (216). This would have given researchers and anyone involved in the agriculture world enough time to investigate the basis for the organic movements standards, and to judge whether or not the standards were consistent and fair. 2) Purpose of the article Becky Mansfield is arguing that it is difficult to distinguish whether a product of agriculture can have organic status or not. She has observed â€Å"the debate over organic certification for aquatic animals† (216) from every angle, and believes that the organic movement holds contradictory ideologies. These contradictions act as blockages for the attribution of organic status to wild fish, because the fish do not fall in any of the categories that the organic movement considers suitable for organic status. But as Becky expresses a dialogue between the organic movement and others involved in all realms of agriculture, it becomes obvious that it is not a problem of the inherent environments of the fish, but a problem of classification of theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Organic Food On Organic Foods Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagessubstantial increase in the demand for organic foods as opposed to the more common option of conventionally grown products. In 1990, the revenue sp ent on organic foods was only $1 billion, soaring to $21.1 billion in 2008, and reaching $26.6 billion in 2009 (Crinnion 4). This significant increase in demand is due to the environmental effects and the overwhelming benefits to our bodies. When addressing significant issues such as personal health and climate change, organic foods are a solution that can conquerRead MoreOrganic Food8071 Words   |  33 PagesContents 01. What is Organic Food?.........................................................04 02. History of Organic Food†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 03. Principles of Organic Agriculture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....05 04. How Can We Be Sure That our Food is Organic?...............07 05. Types of Organic Food†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....07 06. Advantages of Organic Foods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......09 07. Organic vs. Non-organic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......11 08. Organic Food market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 09. How can we market Organic Products?.......Read MoreAlgae Biofuel2508 Words   |  11 Pagesfuels used in the transportation sector requires development of an abundant source of TAGs. Algae – Part of Solution [pic] What Is â€Å"ALGAE† ? ââ€" ª Any of various chiefly aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size from single-celled forms to the giant kelps. ââ€" ª Microalgae are microscopic aquatic plants that carry out the same process and mechanism of photosynthesis as higher plants. 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Pakistan Media Free Essays

Media enhance the knowledge of public and communicates all the happenings to the public. Media industry of Pakistan is growing fast with much potential and seemingly bright future ahead. Media should not use negative tools to increase their viewership. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Role of media in Pakistan is getting quite irresponsible; as there are so many talk shows and political debates on the screen all the time and sometimes they seems to be crossing their limits. Media should work in its limits and according to some rules and regulations. Besides spreading exaggeration, Pakistani media should resolve the matters with positive attitude. Media is supposed to be responsible for the present society, trends, norms, values and so on. People are what they see, around them. Media reflects the society and it is the responsibility of media to expose the country to the whole world. Role of media in Pakistan cannot be neglected; Pakistani media relates dramas, movies, sports, news and entertainment and so many features to the people. Its dramas reflect society and happenings and issues in the society not only to the people of Pakistan but also to the whole world, news channels alarm the people about all the current happenings, within and outside the country. MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 1. We are living in the age of information explosion, where the world has shrunk into a global village. 2. The vital function of Mass Media is that it is the thinking mode of any society. Following are the types of Mass Media: – (a)Print Media (b)Electronic Media (c)Interactive Media 3. Tools of Media. Since the media plays a war of words, the important tools Include ‘vocabulary’, being ‘vigilant about different developments’. (a)Reading. (b)Vigilant (c)Punctual (d)Alertness (e)Lingual Competence FACTORS FOR GROWTH OF MEDIA 1. Mass media is wholesaler of M. Communication. Pak inherited 05 radio channel son its birth. International Trend played important role in development of Mass Media in Pakistan. Initial decades of Pakistani Media’s history have been dominated by PTV. 2. Government was compelled to permit freedom of media (a)Liberalization of airway in India led to mushroom growth of TV channels (b)In Kargil war India was able to sell its viewpoint to the world and cashed on its version while Pak suffered since it had only the state channel. (c)Economic boom in telecom in Pakistan. Commercial nature of Media was discovered in the economic advantages related to it. Revenue generated by Media in 2002 was 2 billion and in 2007 this soared to Rs. 17 Billion. (d)Literacy rate / level grew in Pakistan and played a role in media Development. (e)Arrival of cable operators / network and its growth held vision. (f)Govt policies played vital role, especially of President Musharraf. Javed Jabbar. Said â€Å"Media is more powerful then nuclear devices† he worked on PEMRA 3. Private sector was involved and posed challenge to state media. State Media to compete with Pvt Media has to improve and become more open and provide realistic stories, this reformed the State Media as well _ since realistic input was being provided by the Pvt Media. 4. Pak Media Market was in raw form and was untapped; it had the potential to grow. Phenomenon of community based radio channels i. e. FM channel, community based Services (print / elect) have played important role in media development. 5. Number of Press Media / Printing groups were permitted and have launched their TV channels e. . Jang Group – Geo, etc. 6. Mass media is the major source of providing news and entertainment to the people who wants to know who is doing what and what is happening. Aristotle in his book â€Å"Poetics† has written that â€Å"Media is a means of catharsis and is must for normal living†. 7. The entertainment and news value of media has played very important role its development. However, electronic media enjoys larger scope over print media, since it has wider audience, is easily accessible and be understood by even illiterate people. The media provides wide range of entertainment / news according to interest of people of different age groups / liking / languages. Talk Shows Mania has brought more liberalization and has revolutionized the concept since erstwhile taboo issues are being discussed enhancing the awareness of people. 8. The realization in the people and Government about the role of media in society / economic development is there. Indian soap operas have a large viewer ship and their popularity has attracted lots of commercials / advertisement. The commercial aspects attached to the media have contributed to its rapid development. . The Infrastructure Development has taken place. Modern state of art studios /introduction of latest equipment / communication facilities like video conferencing, fax, electronic data transfer, chat / mobiles, etc have brought in a revolution and contributed immensely in the media development. 10. The advertisement / commercials have brought big money to media market. The co ntents of programmes are changing. The high economic stakes attached to the media have brought in Professionalism in all its related fields. Due open market, there is a Scarcity of professional media men 11. The abundance of media outlets has on one hand has created lot of employment opportunities but on the other has posed challenges to the media men to excel in their fields. Jang Group has more than 50,000 employees; media persons are getting enhanced wages. Today we have number of highly professional and well-known media persons who are stalwarts of Pakistani Media and form its backbone. 12. Dozens Of other factors have played role in the development of Pakistani Media. It has been a â€Å"watchdog† on actions of the state, people strengthened the media. Media has played important role in discussing un-touched subjects. It has helped harmonizing the nation on otherwise contentious issues. The competition among the channels is bringing in qualitative improvement in the content and other aspects of programmes MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN EFFECTS OF MEDIA 1. Level of Awareness. The level of awareness has increased. Media has contributed a lot in increasing the general knowledge, who is who and what is what, knowledge of current issues etc. The programmers having media discussions, current affairs, documentaries, etc have been instrumental in enhancing the common man’s awareness. How to cite Pakistan Media, Papers

Sarbanes

Introduction: The Sarbanes- Oxley Act 2002 The Sarbanes- Oxley Act 2002 is one of the federal laws in the United States of America that were established with a major objective of protecting investors by improving accuracy and dependability of the so-disclosed corporate information. All boards of directors in public companies, public management, and accounting companies have to comply with the Act with regard to laws of security.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002/Methods of Depreciation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Act was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley who were representatives in the lower house in the United States. Also referred to as Sarbox, the Act was passed on 30 July 2002. With its enactment, all managers of public corporations were charged with the responsibility of personally certifying the validity of any financial information to be reported (Surowiecki, 2005, p.46). The act also set very severe penalties for organization management that contravened it. In addition, the Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 2002 made it a requirement for all public corporations to ensure that independent external auditors audit their financial accounts. These auditors enable firms to have a clearer picture about the correctness of their statement of accounts (Baker Taylor, 2000 p.1). The report also recommended that managers and board of directors in public corporate organizations had to play an oversight role. Key Components of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The key components of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2012 include several titles with the first being the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which is regarded as title 1 with the key responsibility of acting as a watchdog to all the accounting firms set up for the public. The title performs auditing duties. Title 1 is also the branch of Sarbanes-Oxley act that registers auditors before t hey can perform public and private auditing duties in the country. It is bestowed the authority of identifying special procedures that audits must conform to when examining auditing works. It is also supposed to perform quality assurance and policy control functions (Surowiecki, 2007, p.29) of auditing in the federation. With the implementation of title1, the United States is assured of uniformity in business standards. With such similarities, the member states can therefore trade at equal levels and be able to use similar and related business documents with ease hence promoting the level of interactivity in the auditing fraternity. Finally, the title also ensures that all public auditing firms in the federation are compliant to the directives of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. It is charged with the authority to guarantee the federation that the recommendations of SOX are implemented with by every auditing firm.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next component of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is auditor independence. This component is commonly referred to as title II. The title contains details of how auditors are supposed to work independently without influence from external forces. According to this component, auditors should avoid carrying out duties in areas or field that they are likely to have conflicts of interest (Baker Taylor, 2000, p.1). Title II acts as a barrier to conflicts of interest in duties performed by auditing firms in the whole federation. Conflicts of interest result in biasness. Therefore, the quality of auditing is compromised. The title also ensures that auditing professionalism is portrayed in all auditing works in the United States. It is therefore the mandate of title II to address the issue of admitting new auditors into the auditing profession. In such processes, all requirements should be verified in order to ensure that professionalism is upheld (Surowiecki, 2005, p.46). The component spells out the relationships that should exist between different auditors and or how they should collaborate in ensuring success of auditing as a profession. Such collaboration includes rotation of audit partners in a bid to ensure quality standards in auditing. This constituent also monitors auditing firms to ensure that they purely conduct auditing duties. Regulations of this nature bar the auditing firms from offering other related services to clients of auditing (Baker Taylor, 2000, p.1) implying that auditing firms are restricted from undertaking services like accounting consultancy and business advisory among others. The third component is corporate responsibility otherwise referred to as title III. The recommendation of this component is that auditing officers must take individual responsibility for their actions. Auditing officers should ensure the accuracy of all financial documents and reports. The componen t also recommends that auditors must take responsibility for the level of completeness depicted in their financial reports. This element spells out how internal auditors and auditing committees in various corporations should relate with external auditors. From such interactions, the level of accuracy in auditing reports is boosted. Title III ensures compliance with SOX. It goes beyond enumerating the standards to be complied with to listing of the penalties for forfeiture. According to Kuschnik (2008, p.92), section 302 of title III dictates that the chief executive officer and other executive officers must verify and consent to the level of reliability in their financial reports.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002/Methods of Depreciation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth component is enhanced financial disclosure. This component states the requirements for financial re porting. The fifth component is the analyst conflicts of interest referred to as title V that aims at ensuring that investors have confidence in security analysts’ reports. The sixth component is the commission resources and authority. The component is regarded as title VI. It indicates the actions that corporations should take to ensure that investors are confident about the reporting done by security analysts. The seventh component is studies and reports. It is also called title VII. From this component, the comptroller general is supposed to research on the quality of auditing to make a report on it. The eighth component of SOX is corporate and criminal fraud accountability. It is also referred to as title VII or corporate and criminal fraud accountability Act 2002. Under this title, various penalties on auditing offenses are spelt out for example on fraud and report alteration. The ninth component is the white-collar crime penalty enhancement also called title IX or White Collar Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002. The tenth component is Corporate Tax returns, which is also regarded as title X that stipulates that the Chief Executive Officer of corporations has to append his or her signature on reports of tax returns (Surowiecki, 2005, p.46). The eleventh component is corporate fraud accountability also referred to as Title XI. This title categorizes fraud and tempering of records as criminal offenses. Objective of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 The objective of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is to ensure investor confidence in public corporations in the United States of America. The Act targeted public corporations, public accounting organizations, and their management. The act also aims at ensuring that auditors perform their duties accurately, professionally, and independently. The Act also spells out the punishment for contravening auditing standards. In doing so, investor confidence is boosted and auditing uniformity is guaranteed in the United States. Criticism Although many people have attributed SOX with the high auditing standards in the United States, various critics discredit the Act. One of the criticisms of the act is that it is an indulgence into the management of companies by the government. Critics citing this loophole argue that it puts investors in the United States at a disadvantage point when trading with foreign companies. This hitch has made the United States lose business. In fact, various companies have deregistered from the stock exchange of the United States. Other critics have blamed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as the reason for having minimal initial public offers in 2008. The critics therefore link SOX with the 2007 economic recession in the United States (Gore, 2010, p.714). The other criticism of Sarbanes-Oxley Ac of 2002 is that the laws have not been able to prevent fraud.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Wall street journal of December 21 2008 criticized SOX for not being able to implement its farness plan meaning that it had totally failed to achieve its major objectives. The Wall Street also criticized it for disabling young public corporations. According to this journal, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 was responsible for the destruction of the entrepreneurship spirit that existed in the United States of America before its inception. It goes further to criticize SOX for the weakening of the stock exchange business in the whole federation (Strout, 2006, p.9). For example, in 2008, only six corporations became public meaning that companies in the United States fear turning public due to the stiff regulations posed by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2008. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is also criticized for the high unemployment rate in the United States of America. This high rate of unemployment is attributed the increased fear by many investors to invest in the United States. Investors als o fear turning their companies from private to public due to the tight regulations set for all public corporations by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. As the number of employers decrease, the number of jobs for the employees decreases. Others have attributed the location of the world top security market in Hong Kong and not in the New York City as it had been before the inception of SOX (Gore 2010, p.715). The tight regulation set by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has made many capital investors to turn to other economies thus avoiding the United States economy. Economic Consequences of Sarbanes-Oxley Act There are various economic consequences of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 on the economy of the United States. The first consequence is that, with the implementation of SOX, most investors have avoided the United States as a place to invest their capital as indicated by the low levels of companies that have turned public since its inception. For example, in 2001, only 87 companies turne d for initial public offer (IPO). The turnout was a very low ranking compared to the period when Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted. For example, in 2004, about 233 companies listed for IPO while there were more than 205 companies turning public in 2006. The other consequence of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is that it has resulted in the decline of capital market in the United States because most investors have turned to other economies like those of London and Hong Kong in a bid to avoid the tight regulations set by SOX. The argument indicates that more and more wealth has been shifted to other economies (Strout, 2006, p.9). It is also worth noting that the Sarbanes-Oxley act was blamed for the economic depression that has affected the United States since 2007 (Gore, 2010, p.714). The attribution is that, since SOX has resulted in few investors being interested with investing in the United States of America, there has been an increase in unemployment in the US. With the increased unemployme nt, the purchasing power of the United States of America has gone down. The other consequence of Sarbanes-Oxley act is that it has led to a reduced number of companies listing for Initial Public Offer (IPO) in the United States because most of the corporations are small corporations that fear turning public. This fear is attributed to the high level of regulations that came with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The auditing procedures set for public corporations through this act are prohibitive for small investors. Investors from foreign corporations are also shying away from investing in the American economy. Instead of investing in the United States of America, they will invest in the United Kingdom and other economies. On the other hand, there are positive consequences of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The first positive consequence is that it has enabled shareholders of various corporations to become the owners of such companies. This advantage changed the old trend when manager s almost worked as the only legal owners of public corporations. Instead, managers work for the shareholders in public corporations in America today. Managers of public corporations have therefore become administrators of shareholders’ resources (Crook, 2006, p.150). The other positive consequence is that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has boosted the confidence of investors in public corporations. This case has been made possible by creation of trust through auditing procedures. The financial reporting procedures have been made more transparent and accurate (Surowiecki, 2007, p.29) acting as a major building block for investor confidence. The fact that auditors and corporate managers are required to take personal responsibility for their reports makes the management of public corporations more transparent to the public (Crook, 2006, p.150). Managers have also become keen, professional in their way of administration, and reporting. It is also worth noting that the financial r eporting procedures that have been put in place by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are among the legal requirements for every public corporation. The procedures for financial reporting enabled many corporations to produce accurate financial reports. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has also enabled the United States to discover some fraudulent companies. For example, the fraud that was unveiled from Value Line company in 2009 saved the country about 24 million dollars hence standing out as an upward trend in combating fraud as crime. The whole of this process was made possible by the standards set in the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Conclusion: Achievement of Sarbanes-Oxley Act goals The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has been able to achieve some of its goals because the Act aimed at increasing investor confidence in the United States. Today, most of the investors in public companies in the US have confidence in these corporations due to the increased transparency in financial reporting (Surowiecki, 2 005, p.46). The second aim that this Act had was to reduce fraud. The Act has been able to achieve this goal because it has already unearthed several fraudulent corporations thereby saving the economy huge sums of money. The Act aimed at restoring ethical standards in the United States’ business world. Managers and executive managers have to comply with auditing standards in administration, communication, and communication (Crook, 2006, p.150). Reference List Baker, L., Taylor, G. (2000). Author Biographies, Anthony Tarantino, PhD. Six Sigma Black Belt, Certified Sarbanes-Oxley Professional, 1(3), 1-1. Crook, C. (2006). Atlantic Monthly. Executive Privilege, 297(1), 150-153. Gore, C. (2010). The global recession of 2009 in a long-term development perspective’, Journal of International Development, 22(6), 714-38. Kuschnik, B. (2008). The Sarbanes Oxley Act: Big Brother is watching† you or Adequate Measures of Corporate Governance Regulation? Rutgers Business Law Journal, 5(1), 64–95. Strout, C., Fisher, S., Kneale, D. (2006). New Yorker. The Mail, 81(44), 9-9. Surowiecki, J. (2005). New Yorker. Sarboxed In?, 81(40), 46-46. Surowiecki, J. (2007). New Yorker. Over There, 82(48), 29-29. This research paper on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002/Methods of Depreciation was written and submitted by user Princeton M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Sarbanes Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted into law in 2002 to respond to the various financial scandals that were taking place in the for-profit corporate sector of the United States. The act was meant to address the abuse of finances and accounting standards by companies such as Adelphia, Enron and WorldCom where the executives of these companies defrauded their shareholders, their employees and the US economy of billions of dollars. Once it was enacted, SOX was meant to introduce major changes to the corporate governance and financial management of capital in many corporations within America.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sarbanes-Oxley Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Sarbanes-Oxley Act or the SOX act of 2002 was developed by Senator Paul Sarbanes and House Representative Michael Oxley and it contains eleven sections which outline the responsibilities of chief executive officers as well as financial controllers in managing the finances of a company (Morgan et al, 2008). Examination of the SOX Act of 2002 Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, companies that are publicly traded in the US are required to increase their internal financial and accounting controls after personal clarification with the chief executive and chief financial officers of the company. This is meant to strengthen the auditing, accounting and financial practices of the company. The act also requires for-profit corporations in the country to increase their external controls through enhancing the duties and responsibilities of the audit committee. The act also states that chief financial controllers and auditors need to provide supporting evidence that will be used to whistleblow on the abuse of company funds (Morgan et al, 2008). The SOX bill does not apply to privately held companies as many of the laws deal with the management of shareholder, corporate and public funds which are usually common in publicly traded companies. The new and enhanced standards within the SOX Act deal with additional responsibilities for the corporate board and chief executive officers of most organizations as well as the introduction of criminal penalties for managers caught defrauding corporations of public funds. Other enhanced standards within the act include auditor independence, enhanced financial disclosures, conflicts of interest and corporate fraud accountability. All these aspects are included within the eleven sections of the act where they analyse the specific mandates and requirements that managers need to have when conducting financial reporting (Kuschnik, 2008). Each of these sub sections are important and necessary in the financial management of publicly traded corporation as they ensure that there is accountability during the management of financial funds.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example auditor independence which falls under the second title deals with limiting the conflicts of interest that arise during audit reporting while corporate fraud accountability which falls under the eleventh title of the act deals with the identification of corporate fraud and the various penalties that are served to deal with fraud. This section also revises the sentencing guidelines that were in existence before to deal with people who defrauded companies of billions of dollars. This review was seen to be important as it would enable the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to temporarily freeze any transactions or payments that were deemed to be unusual for the company (Kuschnik, 2008). In general, the act deals with ensuring the financial reports generated by auditors and finance managers within organization to develop internal control reports that can be used to determine the accuracy of the company’s financial data. The adoption of the S OX act is meant to establish a best-practice standard when it comes to the management of corporate funds. The act also changes how corporate management boards and executives interact with each other as well as with their corporate auditors and financial controllers. It also ensures that the top managers of a corporate organization are held accountable for the accuracy of financial statements released at the end of every company financial year (Litvak, 2007). Benefits and Costs of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act According to Bednanrz (2006), the costs of implementing the SOX act will exceed the benefits of the act when it is fully implemented. A survey conducted on the compliance costs of the act in various publicly traded corporations within the US revealed that the first year compliance costs would exceed $4.6 million dollars. This figure applied to all the large multinational and domestic companies in the US. Medium sized companies and smaller companies operating within the US were likely to incur significant additional costs that were projected to amount to $2 million during the first-year compliance with the SOX guidelines. These huge costs incurred during the first year would make it difficult to determine whether the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was actually working in managing corporate finances and auditing issues (Bernanrz, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sarbanes-Oxley Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With regards to the benefits of the act, various financial analysts and experts noted that the borrowing costs were lower for companies that had improved their internal control measures while corporate transparency had improved within many publicly traded organizations during the first year of compliance. Section 404 of the act ensured that companies had conservative reported earnings where financial reports and statements underwent verification to determine their accuracy before being pres ented to the various stakeholders of the company. Companies that had strong internal controls were able to experience an increase in their share prices and their financial statements were more reliable (Morgan et al, 2008). Reactions of Company Executives and Changes to Accounting Practices While many legislators have praised the Sarbanes-Oxley act to be effective in dealing with financial fraud within corporations, many business managers have expressed frustration with the act. The Federal Regulation Board has been faced with a lot of complaints about the high costs that are needed to implement the act in major public corporations within the country. Executives from General Electric, Lockheed Martin and Emerson Electric were among those who spoke about the various challenges of complying with the SOX act two years after it was implemented (Bednanrz, 2006). The executives agreed that while it was too soon to determine the benefits of complying with the act, there were considerable c osts such as audit fees which were expected to increase by approximately 40% during the first year of compliance. Business managers working for BP saw the duplicate testing of internal controls to dilute the business practices of the organization as they saw it to be a frustrating exercise. They instead preferred to perform a single internal control testing exercise which would enable them to identify and document any financial issues or problems (Bednanrz, 2006). References Bednanrz, A., (2006, May 11). Executives tell regulators Sarbanes-Oxley costs exceed benefits. Retrieved from:  https://www.networkworld.com/article/2311689/execs-tell-regulators-sarbanes-oxley-costs-exceed-benefits.htmlAdvertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kuschnik, B., (2008). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: big brother is watching you or adequate measures of corporate governance regulation. Rutgers Business Law Journal, 64-95 Litvak, K., (2007). The effect of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on non-US companies cross-listed in the US. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(55), 195-228 Morgan, D.F., Green, R., Shinn, C.W., Robinson, K.S., (2008). Foundations of public service. New York: M.E. Sharpe Incorporated This essay on Sarbanes-Oxley Act was written and submitted by user Kolton Sharp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Should Ministry of Education Review its Corporal Punishment essays

Should Ministry of Education Review its Corporal Punishment essays The media has reported that a Principal who slapped a female student with a soft cover book was demoted. We were told that the Principal did the act, which is against the spirit of corporal punishment, in a fit of anger. According to the Ministry of Education, the solely form of corporal punishment that is acceptable is canning, where another disciplinary teacher must bear witness to prevent accusations of abuse by the student. However, canning is only imposed upon male students while female students are punished through other methods such as detention. Even though it seems that the Principal has to bear full responsibility for having slapped the student, violating the Ministry of Educations rules, it is an unknown what prompted the principal to do what he knows is wrong. Hence, before we condemn the Principal, we should consider the situation again. All naughty students who go against the school rules, behave defiantly, including female students as well, gives problems to teachers. However, the punishments meant for female students seem to be ineffective. Others might even deem it as the Ministry of Education is over-protecting the female students. As such, should the Ministry of Education review its corporal punishment policy? The Ministry of Educations corporal punishment policy has the propensity of stereotyping the boys to be naughtier than girls are. It also brings about the old fashion perception that girls are more vulnerable than boys are, and thus, the cane is spared upon the females. Nonetheless, I denounce such perception of girls being more vulnerable as we are currently living in the 21st century where there is equality in gender. Girls have claimed that they are able to do whatever the boys are capable of and even excel the boys. So should the corporal punishment not be imposed upon girls? We ought to take into consideration that some female students are as naughty and can get even naughtier th ...

Hindenburg Disaster

Hindenburg Disaster The suddenness of the disaster was shocking. At 7:25 p.m. on May 6, 1937, while the Hindenburg was attempting to land at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey, a flame appeared on the outer cover of the rear of the Hindenburg. Within 34 seconds, the entire airship was consumed by fire. Take-off On May 3, 1937, the captain of the Hindenburg (on this trip, Max Pruss) ordered the zeppelin out of its shed at the airship station in Frankfurt, Germany. As was usual, when all was ready, the captain shouted, Schiff hoch! (Up ship!) and the ground crew released the handling lines and gave the giant airship a push upward. This trip was the first of the 1937 season for passenger service between Europe and the United States and it wasnt as popular as the 1936 season. In 1936, the Hindenburg had completed ten successful trips (1,002 passengers) and was so popular that they had to turn away customers. On this trip, the first of the 1937 season, the airship was only half full, carrying 36 passengers despite it being equipped to carry 72. For their $400 ticket ($720 round trip), the passengers could relax in the large, luxurious common spaces and enjoy fine food.  They could play, sing, or  listen to the baby grand piano on board or just sit and write postcards. With 61 crew members on board, the passengers were well accommodated. The luxury of the Hindenburg was a marvel in air travel. Considering that passengers were not taken across the Atlantic in heavier-than-air crafts (airplanes) until 1939, the novelty as well as the luxury of traveling in the Hindenburg was astonishing. The smoothness of the ride took many of the Hindenburgs passengers by surprise. Louis Lochner, a newspaperman, described the trip: You feel as though you were carried in the arms of angels.1 There are other stories of passengers waking up after several hours aloft questioning the crew as to when the ship was to take off.2 On most trips across the Atlantic, the Hindenburg maintained an altitude of approximately 650 feet and cruised around 78 mph; however, on this trip, the Hindenburg encountered strong head winds that slowed it down, pushing back the Hindenburgs arrival time from 6 a.m. to 4 p.m. on May 6, 1937. The Storm A storm was brewing over the Lakehurst Naval Air Station (New Jersey) on the afternoon of May 6, 1937. After Captain Pruss had taken the Hindenburg over Manhattan, with a glimpse of the Statue of Liberty, the airship was nearly over Lakehurst when they received a weather report that stated winds were up to 25 knots. In a lighter-than-air ship, winds could be dangerous; thus, both Captain Pruss and Commander Charles Rosendahl, the officer in charge of the air station, agreed that the Hindenburg should wait for the weather to improve. The Hindenburg then headed southward, then northward, in a continuing circle while it waited for better weather. Family, friends, and newspapermen waited at Lakehurst for the Hindenburg to land. Most had been there since the early morning hours when the airship was first scheduled to land. At 5 p.m., Commander Rosendahl gave the order to sound Zero Hour - a loud siren beckoning the 92 navy and 139 civilian ground crew personnel from the nearby town of Lakehurst. The ground crew were to help the airship land by hanging on to mooring lines. At 6 p.m. it began to really rain and soon after began to clear. At 6:12 p.m., Commander Rosendahl informed Captain Pruss: Conditions now considered suitable for landing.3 The Hindenburg had traveled perhaps a little too far and was still not at Lakehurst at 7:10 p.m. when Commander Rosendahl sent another message: Conditions definitely improved recommend earliest possible landing.4 Arrival Not long after Commander Rosendahls last message, the  Hindenburg  appeared over Lakehurst. The  Hindenburg  made a pass over the airfield before coming in for landing. Circling over the airfield, Captain Pruss tried to slow down the  Hindenburg  and to lower its altitude. Perhaps worried about the weather, Captain Pruss made a sharp left turn as the airship approached the mooring mast. Since the  Hindenburg  was a little tail heavy, 1,320 pounds (600 kg) of ballast water was dropped (often, unwary onlookers who had ventured too close to an approaching airship would get drenched from ballast water). Since the stern was still heavy, the  Hindenburg  dropped another 1,100 pounds (500 kg) of ballast water and this time did drench some of the onlookers. At 7:21 p.m., the  Hindenburg  was still about 1,000 feet away from the mooring mast and approximately 300 feet in the air. Most of the passengers stood by the windows to watch the onlookers grow larger as the airship decreased its altitude and to wave at their family and friends. The five officers on board (two were just observers) were all in the control gondola. Other crewmen were in the tail fin to release mooring lines and to drop the rear landing wheel. A Flame At 7:25 p.m., witnesses saw a small, mushroom-shaped flame rise from the top of the tail section of the  Hindenburg, just in front of the tail fin. The crewmen in the tail of the airship said they heard a detonation which sounded like the burner on a gas stove turn on.5   Within seconds, the fire engulfed the tail and spread quickly forward.  The mid-section was completely in flames even before the tail of the  Hindenburg  hit the ground. It took only 34 seconds for the entire airship to be consumed by flames. The passengers and crew had only seconds to react. Some jumped out of the windows, some fell. Since the  Hindenburg  was still 300 feet (roughly equal to 30 stories) in the air when it caught fire, many of these passengers did not survive the fall. Other passengers got wedged inside the ship by moving furniture and fallen passengers. Other passengers and crew jumped from the ship once it neared the ground. Even others were rescued from the burning bulk after it had hit the ground. The ground crew, which had been there to assist the craft in mooring, became a rescue crew. The injured were taken to the airfields infirmary; the dead were taken to the press room, the impromptu morgue. The Radio Broadcast On the scene, radio broadcaster Herbert Morrison captured his emotion-filled, first-hand experience as he watched the  Hindenburg  burst into flames. (His radio broadcast  was taped and then played to a shocked world the following day.) Aftermath Considering the quickness of the catastrophe, it is amazing that only 35 of the 97 men and women on board, plus one member of the ground crew, died in the  Hindenburg  disaster. This tragedy - seen by so many via photographs, news-reels, and radio - effectively ended commercial passenger service in rigid,  lighter-than-air crafts. Though it was assumed at the time that the fire was caused by a hydrogen gas leak ignited by a spark of static electricity, the cause of the disaster is still controversial. Notes 1. Rick Archbold,  Hindenburg: An Illustrated History  (Toronto: Warner/Madison Press Book, 1994) 162.2. Archbold,  Hindenburg  162.3. Archbold,  Hindenburg  178.4. Archbold,  Hindenburg  178.5. Archbold,  Hindenburg  181.

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and response - Essay Example le media such as tv, books, computers, mp3 players and video games by children in the United States are cited, and questions are raised regarding the proper response to such emerging issues. A short questionnaire is supplied, and readers are invited to test themselves against these questions to see whether or not they suffer from internet addiction. The authors conclude with some advice regarding early interventions and treatment and there is a reference list with useful sources for further reading. This is an informative article which explains the relation between internet usage and other types of behavior which can be quite normal when carried out in moderation, but become pathological when taken to an extreme. It gives good advice on a rather simplistic level and this makes it suitable general public readership. The article describes what internet addiction is, how it can affect people, and what to do about it, but there is no consideration of the causes of this problem or any statistic on trends across countries and through time. The authors asked the question whether internet addiction is an epidemic or a fad, but they did not fully answer this question. They admit that it is a problem â€Å"for at least as subset of internet users† (Jaffe and Uhls, 2011, p.1) but it is hard to tell how serious or widespread this problem is. I would like to have seen a deeper analysis of the reasons why people are so drawn to the internet and what the bigger implications are for Ame rican lifestyle and culture now and in the future. Jaffe, Adi and Uhls, Yalda T. â€Å"Internet Addiction – Epidemic or Fad?: Can people really get addicted to the holy internet?† Psychology Today. November 17, 2011. Available at:

Rosetta Stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rosetta Stone - Essay Example The Rosetta Stone contains a priestly decree in honour of Ptolemy V which was set up in a major temple. (Wilson, 2004, p. 31) It is said that European archaeology in Egypt began during the French expedition when French soldiers accidentally discovered the Rosetta Stone, however the greatest contribution to the stone was made by Jean-Francis Champollion who after twenty-three years of struggle and work out on studying hieroglyphs was able to uncover the secrets behind 'Rosetta stone' in 1822. Champollion was the one who is held responsible for opening the doors to modern Egyptology. According to Reid (2002) "The French expedition is solely responsible for finding Rosetta Stone as without their expedition there would have been no description of ancient Egypt. It is the stone who brought before us the decipherment of hieroglyphics, otherwise it would have been delayed and, until the decipherment, most pharaoh history would have remained missing. Therefore, the onus is on the stone who revealed modern Egypt and Egyptology". (Reid, 2002, p. 14) The French soldiers after discovering the Rosetta Stone while digging fortifications, left Egypt on the threshold of Anglo-French geopolitical rivalry. This situation fatally weakened the Mamluks (slave soldiers), thereby paving the way for Muhammad Ali. In this context the stone was responsible for a major change occurrence economically, politically and culturally through Muhammad Ali's reign. In archaeology, the French expedition and Muhammad Ali's reign ushered in a new era where the emphasis was given to decipher 'Rosetta Stone'. However the stone paved the way to the decipherment of hieroglyphics and the birth of modern Egyptology, and the Description advanced the documentation of pharaoh art, architecture, and topography. (Reid, 2002, p. 32) Most notably, the 1799 discovery of the Rosetta Stone, a trebly-inscribed stone fragment unearthed by his army during Napoleon's Egyptian campaigns, presented the general as the heroic person likely to unlock the mysteries of ancient Egypt by translating hieroglyphs. Linguistic Significance: Rosetta stone is actually the surviving fragment of granite is inscribed with the decree to guarantee lands and endowments to the temples of Egypt. What is carved on the stone is called the Ptolemaic decrees, written in praise of the then pharaoh. The written text on the Rosetta Stone revealed that the same text on the stone is written in three different languages: Greek (for the ruling administration of the day), Egyptian hieroglyphs (for the gods), and Egyptian Demotic (for a common man). The range of languages reflects the strata of Egyptian society at this time and the lines of communication. Even though the Rosetta Stone was handed over to the British as part of the spoils of the Napoleonic War, the texts had by then been copied and were later sent all over the world. The process of decipherment required several stages as each of the principles behind the script was discovered. With hindsight, it seems as if it were a step-by-step progression, but in fact often one person would have a good idea, but would continue to use other incorrect assumptions at the same time. So, the final triumph came from deciding which of the many permutations

Put a Girl in it Essay -- Sociology, Human Companionship

Put a Girl in it Human companionship is one of the most basic needs of humans that can be seen in the Creation story. It is tricky for any human to find the perfect companion, especially if one is one of a kind. In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein two characters exemplify this need Dr. Victor Frankenstein and The Creature. They are in search of the same thing companionship, and they go to great lengths to try to achieve it from the traditional to scientific discoveries. The classic theme of perversion of family is a major component in Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein comes from a good family and in his adult life he longing for a loving companion is mainly found in the pursuit of the Creature and Elizabeth. The development for the need for the Creature starts when he falls in love with knowledge and is furthered when he leaves to study. In his childhood he finds â€Å"Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate; I desire, therefore, in this narration, to state those facts which led to my predilection for that science† (Shelley 36). This passion develops into his obsession in his adult life when he gains more accesses to scientific knowledge and new technology. Then it climaxes with start of the creation of the Creature because his accesses to bodies and tools. Victor sees his progression, â€Å"I read with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination†¦ it easily conceived that my progress was rapid† (48 ). His description of the creation makes it seem like he is mothering a child into birth. He distorts the sanctity of childbirth by creating a human in a lab. This also makes him the mother and father of the Creature. He realizes the immense power he holds, â€Å"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my han... ...led â€Å"You must create a female for me with whom can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for being† (145). Creature seems to be devout of all humanity except the meager scrapes of which it was made, but it still appears to have the deep emotional needs of all humans. Having to fight off the world he seems callus. The need for a female is so overpowering, it forsakes everything to just have a companion to love. The Creature is seen as a human. It really shares all the properties that humans have but it is ostracized because of his appearance. The basic need of compassion and a companion is shared by all humans. Victor Frankenstein and his child Creature both long for the same thing, a companion to love. They both conflict with the others pursuit of companionship. If you wanna live the good life [you] Better put a gir-r-rl in it –Brooks and Dunn. Put a Girl in it Essay -- Sociology, Human Companionship Put a Girl in it Human companionship is one of the most basic needs of humans that can be seen in the Creation story. It is tricky for any human to find the perfect companion, especially if one is one of a kind. In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein two characters exemplify this need Dr. Victor Frankenstein and The Creature. They are in search of the same thing companionship, and they go to great lengths to try to achieve it from the traditional to scientific discoveries. The classic theme of perversion of family is a major component in Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein comes from a good family and in his adult life he longing for a loving companion is mainly found in the pursuit of the Creature and Elizabeth. The development for the need for the Creature starts when he falls in love with knowledge and is furthered when he leaves to study. In his childhood he finds â€Å"Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate; I desire, therefore, in this narration, to state those facts which led to my predilection for that science† (Shelley 36). This passion develops into his obsession in his adult life when he gains more accesses to scientific knowledge and new technology. Then it climaxes with start of the creation of the Creature because his accesses to bodies and tools. Victor sees his progression, â€Å"I read with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination†¦ it easily conceived that my progress was rapid† (48 ). His description of the creation makes it seem like he is mothering a child into birth. He distorts the sanctity of childbirth by creating a human in a lab. This also makes him the mother and father of the Creature. He realizes the immense power he holds, â€Å"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my han... ...led â€Å"You must create a female for me with whom can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for being† (145). Creature seems to be devout of all humanity except the meager scrapes of which it was made, but it still appears to have the deep emotional needs of all humans. Having to fight off the world he seems callus. The need for a female is so overpowering, it forsakes everything to just have a companion to love. The Creature is seen as a human. It really shares all the properties that humans have but it is ostracized because of his appearance. The basic need of compassion and a companion is shared by all humans. Victor Frankenstein and his child Creature both long for the same thing, a companion to love. They both conflict with the others pursuit of companionship. If you wanna live the good life [you] Better put a gir-r-rl in it –Brooks and Dunn.

Paper VS Electronic Media Essay

Paper vs. Electronic Media: Work Efficiency and Environmental Impact Hirohito Shibata; Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., 6-1 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-8668, Japan Abstract Table 1. CO2 emissions per unit quantity for each product This presentation quantitatively compares paper and  electronic media from the perspectives of CO2 emissions and work efficiency. Should we reject paper out of hand based on  environmental considerations? Can electronic reading devices replace paper books for leisure and work? I discuss these issues based on various analyses and experiments. Product Introduction Although the paperless office has been repeatedly dismissed  as a myth [1], since 2008, the consumption of office paper in Japan has actually declined. With the advent of electronic reading devices such as Apple’s iPad and the Amazon Kindle, the idea of the paperless office is back in the spotlight. How seriously should we take this second coming of the paperless office? What will happen to paper? What are the relative merits of paper and electronic media? My colleagues and I at Fuji Xerox are currently at work on a research project that seeks to answer these questions. This presentation consists of two parts. The first part  compares paper to electronic media from an environmental  perspective, comparing CO2 emissions generated by paper vs. electronic media (e.g., computer displays, projectors) for reading or reference work. I also compare work efficiency for paper vs. computer displays. The second part compares paper books and  electronic reading devices (e.g., iPad, Kindle) and discusses whether  electronic books might actually take the place of paper books. This paper is a brief report and addresses only the results of these specific analyses and experiments. Standard PC Specifications Desktop High-Performance Desktop PC 17-inch Display 19-inch Display Notebook PC Projector Printer CPU: Intel Core Memory: Less than 4GB CPU: Intel Core Memory: More than 4GB TFT TFT Resolution: More than 1290Ãâ€"800 Electro Photo A3 Printers CO2 emissions per unit quantity 49.60 g/hour 98.42 g/hour 23.36 g/hour 26.34 g/hour 27.59 g/hour 163.58 g/hour 2.58 g/sheet Environmental Impact: Paper vs. Computer Displays CO2 Emissions Table 1 presents CO2 emissions per unit quantity for each  product. This data is based on figures for life cycle CO2 emissions for each product obtained in November 2010 from the website of the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry [2]. Figure 1 compares CO2 emissions associated with each medium when reading an eight-page document. Reading from  paper generates CO2 emissions only at the time the document is printed. In this case, the hours spent reading do not affect CO2 emissions. On the other hand, when we read from displays, CO2 emissions increase in proportion to the time spent reading. For extended reading sessions, CO2 emissions tend to be lower for paper; for reading many short documents, CO2 emissions tend to be lower with computer displays. NIP 27 and Digital Fabrication 2011 Figure 1. CO2 emissions associated with reading Figure 2 compares CO2 emissions for each medium for the case of a ten-page document shared in a meeting. If we deliver this document on paper, CO2 emissions increase in proportion to the number of individuals attending. If we use a projector and a single notebook PC, the number of participants doesn’t affect CO2 emissions. In general, if we are sharing documents for a large meeting, CO2 emissions are lower when we use  projectors than when we distribute on paper. When we share short documents in small groups of two or three, CO2 emissions tend to be lower when we distribute documents on paper. Technical Program and Proceedings 7 of key words in text when using paper and when using computer displays. Reading from paper was 6.8% faster than reading from displays. There was no significant difference between the media in the recognition test of key words. Paper allows faster reading without loss of understanding. Figure 2. CO2 emissions associated with meeting documents Work Efficiency The analyses of the previous section assume equal work efficiency for all media. However, efficiency may actually vary with different media. Lower work efficiency means longer  working hours, which in turn can mean higher CO2 emissions,  since elements of the workplace infrastructure (e.g., ventilation and lighting) need to run longer. I’ll describe three experiments that compare reading performance for each medium. The first experiment examines how different media affect  proofreading when the goal is to detect contextual errors. Figure 3 presents reading speed and percentage of errors detected when using paper vs. computer displays. Reading from paper was 11.9% faster than reading from the displays. There was no significant difference between media in percentage of errors detected. Figure 3. Reading speed and the percentage of errors detected in proofreading to detect contextual errors (N = 20) Figure 4. Reading speed and scores for a recognition test of key words when reading with frequent page turning (N = 18) The third experiment involved cross-reference reading for  multiple documents [4]. Figure 5 compares reading speed and  percentage of errors detected when using paper vs. computer  displays. Reading from the paper was 23.2% faster than reading from displays. Moreover, more errors were detected (a difference of 11.5%) with paper than with computer displays. In both speed and accuracy, paper was superior to displays in cross-reference reading. Figure 5. Reading speed and the percentage of errors detected in crossreference reading for multiple documents (N = 24) The second experiment looked at reading when the task  required frequent switching back and forth between pages [3]. Figure 4 compares reading speed and scores for a recognition test 8  ©2011 Society for Imaging Science and Technology Discussion Comparisons of CO2 emissions from paper and electronic  media indicate that the nature of a task determines which is more eco-friendly. The three experiments here point to the superiority of paper for different reading tasks: proofreading, reading with frequent movement back and forth between pages, and crossreference reading for multiple documents. Clearly, this is hardly an exhaustive listing of all tasks that involve reading. Still, the results suggest paperless work is not always the most eco-friendly work style. Paper should not be rejected out of hand on environmental grounds. Rather, we should select paper or electronic media depending on the specific task. Figure 7 compares task completion times and accuracy  (percentage of correct answers) for each medium in an experiment involving  scanning a manual to find answers. Subjects performed this task 38.6% faster with the paper book than with the iPad and 60.2% faster than with the Kindle. Of the five media, paper books were fastest for scanning text for answers. Work Efficiency: Paper vs. Electronic Reading Devices Reading fiction As a typical example of reading for leisure, I evaluated  electronic reading devices such as iPad and Kindle for reading fiction. Figure 6 shows reading speed with a paper book, an iPad, a Kindle, and a notebook PC. For reading that did not involve  moving from one page to the next, I found no significant  difference in reading speed among the four media. For reading that required page turns, I found that reading from the iPad was as fast as reading from paper books, but that reading from the Kindle was slower than reading from paper books. This suggests that the iPad is just as suited as paper books for tasks like reading fiction. Figure 7. Completion time and percentage of correct answers when scanning text to locate answers to questions (N = 20) Discussion Figure 6. Reading speed: Paper book vs. electronic media (N = 26) For reading fiction, our experiment showed iPads and paper  books offered equal reading speed for reading with and without page turns. This suggests that the current generation of electronic reading devices is perfectly suitable for reading for leisure, at least from the perspective of efficiency. Clearly, other factors such as cost, weight, and design will also determine whether such devices gain widespread acceptance for this purpose. Paper books proved the fastest of all five media in the  experiment involving scanning text to find answers to questions, the reading task ranked as the second most common in the study by Adler et al. Moreover, as discussed above, the current  generation of electronic reading devices remains poorly suited for cross-reference reading, the reading task ranked as the most common. These results suggest that the electronic reading devices currently available do not adequately cover the wide range of reading tasks required for knowledge work. Reading to answer questions Trademarks Adler et al. [5] observed various work-related reading tasks in actual work situations and assigned each instance to one of ten categories. Among the most frequently observed tasks was crossreference reading using multiple documents. Clearly, the current generation of electronic reading devices does not permit crossreference reading. These devices do not allow us to view multiple documents at the same time, and their form factors are too cumbersome to overlap or otherwise move frequently. For this reason, I evaluated these devices for the second-most common task in the study by Adler et al.: scanning text to answer questions. Microsoft and Windows are trademarks or registered  trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Adobe Reader is trademark or registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. iPad is trademark or registered trademark of Apple Inc. Kindle is trademark or registered trademark of Amazon.com Inc. NIP 27 and Digital Fabrication 2011 References [1] Abigail J. Sellen and Richard H. Harper, â€Å"The myth of the paperless office,† The MIT Press, (2001). Technical Program and Proceedings 9 [2] [3] [4] [5] 10 Web site of Japan Environmental Management Association for  Industry, http://www.jemai.or.jp/ecoleaf/index.cfm. [in Japanese] Hirohito Shibata and Kengo Omura, Effects of paper on page turning: Comparison of paper and electronic media in reading documents with endnotes, Proc. HCI International ’11, (2011). Hirohito Shibata and Kengo Omura, Effects of paper in moving and arranging documents: A comparison between paper and electronic media in cross-reference reading for multiple documents, Journal of the Human Interface Society, 12, 3, pg.301, (2010). [in Japanese] A. Adler, A. Gujar, B. Harrison, K. O’Hara, and A. J. Sellen, A diary study of work-related reading: Design implications for digital reading devices, Proc. CHI ’98, pg.241, (1998). Author Biography Hirohito Shibata received his MS in mathematics from Osaka  University (1994) and his PhD in engineering from the University of Tokyo  (2003). He is currently a research scientist at the Research and Technology Group, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Research interests include cognitive science and human-computer interactions. His current research involves investigations of the strengths and weaknesses of presentation media from cognitive perspectives. He is a member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), The Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI), and Human Interface Society (HIS).  ©2011 Society for Imaging Science and Technology