Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture Essay

Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture - Essay Example The Poles believe that only older people have the experience and knowledge to be managers. In addition, it is also more difficult to earn the trust of Poles compared to Americans who are more sociable and trusting. Poles are also more formal in their communication than Americans are while they also expect to have a clear distinction between families and work (Cullen, 2011). In the latter case, they view extra hours at work as being intrusive on their family life. Finally, Polish managers will most likely utilize negative feedback and criticism, instead of giving positive feedback, as a means of motivation. Apply Hofstede’s and the 7d cultural dimension models to explain the cultural differences noted in the case Clearly, the first main difference in Poland is that they possess a power distance society that is higher than in the US. This explains the basis of evaluations or promotions on trustworthiness, while also explaining why they do not like work and seem to accept inequal ity, which, in turn, drives general distrust (Cullen, 2011). The second big difference is that Poland, compared to the US, is a country with high uncertainty avoidance. This helps to explain the reason why Poles value age and seniority. For instance, seniority is used to promote workers, thus reducing uncertainty. Using the 7d model, the first big difference is the neutral dimension. Poland scores highly to provide an explanation for their formal nature. In neutral cultures, people work without revealing feelings or thoughts, while also being under more control. The achievement dimension also varies with lower scores for Poland, explaining why they prefer seniority, as well as their preference for titles (Cullen, 2011). Finally, the difference is critical with regards to internal control with Poland scoring one hundred. This shows their decreased tolerance for volatility and their increased drive to control the environment. Analyze institutional explanations for how the Polish worke rs react to U.S. management style In this case, the most significant explanation involves institutional effects that communism left on Poles and the manner in which it affected its workers. For example, the former communist regimes in Poland saw a dependence on affiliations and connections for success, rather than performance (Cullen, 2011), explaining why they desire to be managers without qualifications. In addition, communist societies oversaw a system that had little or no institutional structures that were meant to guarantee exchange (Cullen, 2011). Therefore, Poles are less trusting of others, preferring to rely on personal affiliations. This low level of trust is also a good explanation for the reason why Poles do not favour teamwork. All new workers in Poland are considered as competition, which makes it difficult to build trust that is, in turn, essential for team building. Finally, the effects of the former communist regime also explain why there is little positive feedbac k between managers and workers. This could also explain their preference for public statements on salaries, which is meant to give them an idea of their status and standing (Cullen, 2011). Recommend the types of cultural adaptations to the U.S. expatriate managers regarding their management styles Working in Poland, expatriate US managers should have more respected for older workers and managers, while also

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example Culture is recognised to be an essential factor which imposes considerable impact upon the entire performance of the organisations (Lee & Carter, 2009; Bardhan & et. al., 2006). Culture is recognised to be an essential element on the basis of which the different magnitudes of human behaviour are determined. Culture comprises different elements that include belief, morals, knowledge, art and customs among others. These are various elements that depict the culture of a particular society. Moreover, culture is based on different macro environmental factors including social, economic, political and religious beliefs. In this regard, people of a society develop cultural values, behaviour and beliefs on the basis of the aforementioned factors (Soares & et. al., 2007). Culture is based on various concepts such as attitudes, values and ideas through which people perform various actions in a society. The cultural values and beliefs are usually shared amid the people of a society according to which individuals develop their ethnic values and purchasing behaviour (Belshek, 2004). Global marketing is often regarded as an appropriate strategy which adopt by business originations with the intention of conducting diverse operational functions effectively on a global context. Presently, there are various factors that can be viewed to be responsible for business organisations to execute their respective operations successfully in overseas business market segments. In this regard, these factors comprise minimised or unrestricted trade barriers, multilateral agreements in relation to trade activities and prevalence of common business market conditions. Culture is often recognised to play an imperative role in supporting the organisations towards making effective decisions. Business organisations, in order to execute their respective operational functions or activities efficiently in the worldwide market segments, are required to possess adequate knowledge in relation to fundament al and cultural values. In this respect, organisations having adequate knowledge in relation to cultural values will be able to operate their business operations with greater efficiency. It is worth mentioning that organisations, with appropriate understanding and knowledge about cultural values and beliefs will be facilitated with the opportunity of formulating along with executing effective marketing strategies towards the accomplishment of predetermined business targets (Vogt, 2013; Kotabe & Hesen, 2010; Gillespie & et. al., 2010; Lee & Carter, 2009). Culture should be considered in global marketing as the present business market scenario or the market conditions is recognised to be changing frequently due to several factors. The foremost factors for the change in the market conditions can be apparently observed as the development of new business markets and the preferences of global consumers that are likely to alter in relation to demographics along with expectations. It has be en viewed that the global marketing activities have changed due to the dissimilar cultural values along with beliefs that holds by the worldwide customers (Keegan, 2011; Lee & Carter, 2009; Passaris, 2006; Picard, 2004). Thus, it can be affirmed that the market conditions of global market are often predicted to remain much dependent

Reading assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading 4 - Assignment Example Research and problem solving should be aimed at discovery, and not identification of existing contexts and assumptions. The divergent concept illustrates the breakage from the existing constraints, and also the established thinking models of analyzing problems (Higgins, 1994). Expansive outlooks and original thinking, represents the problem solving process. In the business organization environment, divergent thinking is applied in several ways. A company suffering losses can embrace divergent thinking to ensure turnaround. The company can form mergers and strategic alliances with other companies, so as to increase its market base and benefit from superior production technologies. Convergent thinking focuses on key attributes. The aim entails provision of adequate resources, and also investing in areas that generate high results. Significant opportunity areas must be identified, amongst a universe of alternatives (Higgins, 1994). Success criteria are discussed, and the possible solutions are continuously narrowed. In the business organization context, convergent thinking can identify the solutions to the losses in one major way. The convergent solution can be minimizing losses through rightsizing. Rightsizing entails terminating employment of non-core employees, so as to drastically reduce the remuneration

The important of english in hong kong Essay Example for Free

The important of english in hong kong Essay We always heard that learning the English is a lifelong Journey, it seems that English become our life, most of Hong Kong student have a better result on English rather than Chinese. It bring out a concern about is it a right decision that we to regard English as important. A focus will be placed on the importance on English, the demand of using English and the advice on the language policy. The parents, teachers and the politicians believe that English is important as the English status in the world is higher than other language. For the parents, they hope heir son or daughter can study as the English-medium secondary school rather than the Chinese-medium school, they believes mainly study can increase the opportunity of enroll to the university and let their children go oversea for further study. For the teachers, many teaching material are come from foreign country, so they believe that use the English for teaching purpose can have a better education quality. For the politicians, be the part of global, the politician needs to communicate and cooperate with other country to formulate the international policy, so they choose the English e the common language for communication. English become important language is mainly have two reasons. English has appeared as the worlds unofficial international language. According to the data of Ethnologic, English is listed as the official or co- official language of over 45 countries (including Hong Kong) and is spoken extensively in other countries where it has no official status. The second reason is English is the language of science, aviation, business, diplomacy, and tourism. Many business deals in Hong Kong are conducted in English. 60% of all scientific papers nd Journals are written in English. Over 70% of all mail is written and addressed in English. Most international tourism, aviation and diplomacy is mainly conducted in English. I remember there have an example in the lecture Chinese plot have poor English and cannot communicate with the USA plot. Since United Kingdom and America have got a well development on the academic, also the United States is regarded as the most influential country on the military and in different international and their official language is English, so it makes English become important. Undoubtedly, the status of English are always in a high level, for my experience, when I get further study in the university, English become the most frequently language I use, all the lesson I take was teaching in English, all the information I found or the journal are also written in English, it seem that my academic are cannot live without English. Learning English are also can increase our competiveness in global. Therefore, I agree that the believe of parent, teachers and the politicians. the important of english in hong kong By vangie_shek

Introduction To Contextual Study Of Nestle Marketing Essay

Introduction To Contextual Study Of Nestle Marketing Essay Nestlà © Company had started off from a single mans idea, and developed into a giant corporation. In 1866 Henri Nestlà ©, a pharmacist, developed a milk food formula for infants who were unable to tolerate their mother milk (Nestle.com). His product became a success, and it created a demand throughout Europe. As Nestlà ©s popularity grew more businesses wanted to merge and become partners with Henri Nestlà ©s business. From 1866 to 1947 the Nestlà © Company had gone through several name changes. In 1905, Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. and Farine Lactee Henri Nestlà © merged, and the companys name became Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. Then in 1929, Peter-Cailler-Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. merged with the company. The name was then changed to Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Holding Co. Ltd, on November 27, 1936. In December 1947, Co. acquired all the shares capital of the Alimentana S.A. company in exchange for fifteen Nestlà © shares and fifteen Unilac shares for each of Alimentana S.A. share, so this point the name was at Nestlà © Alimentana S.A. And then finally, the last name change that the company would endure was in 1977, where it adopted the name Nestlà © SA (Mergent Online). The dairy products at Nestlà © are a big driving force for the growth of the companys sales. With the health kick of the many individuals around the world, it pushes the innovator and renovators of Nestlà © to reach new height in finding better and healthier products for their consumers. In 1998, the dairy business had accounted for 5% of the companys sales revenue (Rodgers, 2000). More recent, in the first half of 2004, Nestlà © milk-based products, nutrition, and ice cream accounted for 60% of Nestlà © revenue growth (Nutraingredients.com). The amount of 60% is a big portion of the companys earnings, so it would be best for Nestlà © to focus a big portion of their core competencies and resources on the fast growing dairy division. Which leads us into the most recent yogurt produced by Nestlà ©s, which is the LC1. Nestlà © strives on being innovator and renovators. So their research team in Switzerland discovered a culture called Lactobacillus acidophilus, or La-1. This particular product was chosen because it contains a probiotic agent, which is living microbial feeding supplements that allow the lower intestine to function better (Rodgers, 2000). La-1 helps the small intestine function by improving the bodys immune system, and in turn helping the body in preventing diseases. Nestlà © has now found a solution for their health conscious consumers, but now they need to find away to implement it into one of their products. That when the researchers at Nestlà © discovered that if they replace one of the mixes in their yogurt with the La-1 the same texture would be maintained. Now with the combination of Nestlà © yogurt mix and the La-1; Nestlà © has given their yogurt the name of LC1. Decentralization Switzerland is home to Nestles Swiss subsidiary, its international headquarters and the registered office of Nestles holding company, but Nestle does not regard its Swiss headquarters as the center of the universe. Decentralization is a basic principle of Nestle. Their policy is to adapt as much as possible to regional circumstances, mentalities and situations. By decentralizing operational responsibility, they create strength and flexibility and are able to make decisions that are better attuned to specific situations in a given country. Policies and decisions concerning personnel, marketing and products are largely determined locally. This policy creates stronger motivation for Nestles executives and employees and a greater sense of identification with Nestles business. It is not Nestles policy to generate most of its sales in Switzerland, supplemented by a few satellite subsidiaries abroad. Nestle strives to be an insider in every country in which it operates, not an outsider. ` Research and development Nestle is probably unique in the food industry in having an integrated research and development program that engages in applied and basic research in the fields of human physiology, health, nutrition and raw materials. Their research and development program gives them the capacity to create new types of products that they cannot even imagine today, especially in the critical area where preventive medicine and food products overlap. In addition, as concern for the environment grows, research will play an important role in overcoming environmental problems. For Nestle this is particularly important in packaging. While Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles  will continue to evolve and adapt to a changing world, their basic foundation is unchanged from the time of the origins of Company, and reflects the basic ideas of fairness, honesty, and a general concern for people. Nestlà © is committed to the following Business Principles in all countries, taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practices: Nestlà ©s business objective is to manufacture and market the Companys products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, and business partners. Nestlà © does not favor short-term profit at the expense of successful long-term business development. Nestlà © recognizes that its consumers have a sincere and legitimate interest in the behavior, beliefs and actions of the Company behind brands in which they place their trust, and that without its consumers the Company would not exist. Nestlà © believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of responsible conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to staff in the form of voluntary business principles is beneficial in order to ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization. Nestlà © is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and the responsible attitude of its management and employees. Therefore recruitment of the right people and ongoing training and development are crucial. Nestlà © continues to maintain its commitment to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its markets. In Nestlà ©s view, it must be fully integrated in the social, cultural and economic fabric of the countries in which it operates. Thus no matter which country it operates in, it is committed to strengthening local communities. VISION AND STRATEGY The Nestlà © global vision is to be the leading health, wellness, and nutrition company in the world. Nestlà © Pakistan subscribes fully to this vision. In particular, we envision to: Lead a dynamic motivated and professional workforce proud of its heritage and bullish about the future. Meet the nutritional needs of consumers of all age groups from infancy to old age, from nutrition to pleasure, through an innovative portfolio of branded food and beverage products of the highest quality. Deliver shareholder value through profitable long-term growth, while continuing to play a significant and responsible role in the social, economic and environmental sectors of the country. Our brands are the preferred choice in their categories. Consumer insight drives all aspects of our marketing and communication efforts. Our communications to the consumer are relevant, cutting-edge, and adhere to the highest standards of responsible communication. Our company is seen as the No. 1 career destination for talented, motivated and ambitious professionals. Our result-oriented organizational structure ensures effective communication and empowered self-management. Our milk collection and agri services will continue to play the primary role in development of the dairy sector in rural Pakistan. Our proactive innovation and renovation culture is the key to our success in the marketplace. Fully integrated systems (Nestlà © Pakistan, suppliers, customers) ensure efficient business processes. Non-strategic activities and products are outsourced or discontinued. Headquarters: Greenwich, CT, USA Brands: 14 Related to: Nestlà © Waters, Paris, France, a subsidiary of Nestlà ©, S.A., Vevey, Switzerland Products Nestlà © has a wide range of products across a number of markets including coffee (Nescafà ©), bottled water, other beverages, chocolate, ice cream, infant foods, performance and healthcare nutrition, seasonings, frozen and refrigerated foods, confectionery and pet food. Business segments Beverages Milk Products, Nutritional, and Ice Cream Prepared Dishes and Cooking Aides Confectionery Other Food Beverages Pet Care Pharmaceutical Products Nestle Pakistan Milestone In 1912 Nestle begins its long relationship with South Asia when the nestle Anglo-Swiss condensed Milk company starts importing and selling finished products in the Indian market. Nestle makes clear a distinction between strategy and tactics. It gives priority to the long-range view. Long-term thinking defuses many of the conflicts and contentions among groups this applies to employment conditions and relations with employees as well as to the conflicts and opposing interests of the trade and the industry. Of course, ability to focus on long-term considerations is only possible if the company is successful in the struggle for short-term survival. This is why Nestle strives to maintain a satisfactory level of profits every year. Nestlà © describes itself as a food, nutrition, health, and wellness company. Recently they created Nestlà © Nutrition, a global business organization designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition business. They believe strengthening their leadership in this market is the key element of their corporate strategy. This market is characterized as one in which the consumers primary motivation for a purchase is the claims made by the product based on nutritional content. In order to reinforce their competitive advantage in this area, Nestlà © created Nestlà © Nutrition as an autonomous global business unit within the organization, and charged it with the operational and profit and loss responsibility for the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, HealthCare Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit aims to deliver superior business performance by offering consumers trusted, science based nutrition products and services. The Corporate Wellness Unit was designed to integrate nutritional value-added in their food and beverage businesses. This unit will drive the nutrition, health and wellness organization across all their food and beverage businesses. It encompasses a major communication effort, both internally and externally, and strives to closely align Nestlà ©s scientific and RD expertise with consumer benefits. This unit is responsible for coordinating horizontal, cross-business projects that address current customer concerns as well as anticipating future consumer trends. Nestlà © is a global organization. Knowing this, it is not surprising that international strategy is at the heart of their competitive focus. Nestlà ©s competitive strategies are associated mainly with foreign direct investment in dairy and other food businesses. Nestlà © aims to balance sales between low risk but low growth countries of the developed world and high risk and potentially high growth markets of Africa and Latin America. Nestlà © recognizes the profitability possibilities in these high-risk countries, but pledges not to take unnecessary risks for the sake of growth. This process of hedging keeps growth steady and shareholders happy. When operating in a developed market, Nestlà © strives to grow and gain economies of scale through foreign direct investment in big companies. Recently, Nestlà © licensed the LC1 brand to Mà ¼ller (a large German dairy producer) in Germany and Austria. In the developing markets, Nestlà © grows by manipulating ingredients or processing technology for local conditions, and employ the appropriate brand. For example, in many European countries most chilled dairy products contain sometimes two to three times the fat content of American Nestlà © products and are released under the Sveltesse brand name. Another strategy that has been successful for Nestlà © involves striking strategic partnerships with other large companies. In the early 1990s, Nestlà © entered into an alliance with Coca Cola in ready-to-drink teas and coffees in order to benefit from Coca Colas worldwide bottling system and expertise in prepared beverages. European and American food markets are seen by Nestlà © to be flat and fiercely competitive. Therefore, Nestlà © is setting is sights on new markets and new business for growth. In Asia, Nestlà ©s strategy has been to acquire local companies in order to form a group of autonomous regional managers who know more about the culture of the local markets than Americans or Europeans. Nestlà ©s strong cash flow and comfortable debt-equity ratio leave it with ample muscle for takeovers. Recently, Nestlà © acquired Indofood, Indonesias largest noodle producer. Their focus will be primarily on expanding sales in the Indonesian market, and in time will look to export Indonesian food products to other countries. Nestlà © has employed a wide-area strategy for Asia that involves producing different products in each country to supply the region with a given product from one country. For example, Nestlà © produces soy milk in Indonesia, coffee creamers in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, candy in Malaysia, and cereal in the Philippines, all for regional distribution. As a matter of fact a good strategy is not the only necessary prerequisite for operating successfully in foreign markets. In markets of transitory nations or even less developed nations there could be a risk in terms of political instability harming the political economy such as the security of property rights, macroeconomic and cultural uncertainties are as well an issue. To a certain extent environmental changes occur with the notion of endangering the basic strategy. In order to avoid these influences and to counter react on these a company needs the ability of gaining steady learning process which needs ultimately to be implemented with a cross-functional attitude among all functional levels. Flexibility is another distinctive competencies a company must be able to achieve to react as quickly as possible to changing environments. As a consequence, the company must implement mechanisms allowing it to respond to changes in local demand, cultural barriers and political fluctuation. Ethnocentric behaviour must be avoided in any circumstances in order to approach the market in the appropriated way. A company must as well learn to consider decisions under the long-run perspective, because markets can be conquered within short period, but the successful implementation of a strategy needs more time than that. Entering a new market requires some pre-math. The company must estimate the perspectives it has in that new market with regards to threats and opportunities formulating the profile of that country. Basing on this profile the company is able to figure out the strategical approach. One important part of the strategy must be the cultural awareness, which means a company should employ locals in order lower cultural barriers and resentments established by the foreigner. Hence, this results in a better insight and handling of local demand conditions and knowledge about the customer. In order to guarantee flexibility the functional level units must have their own responsibility and must have freedom in decision making, which allows a quick response towards market fluctuations. To relate these statements to this case Nestles business process in Nigeria gives a good example. An entirely new marketing approach, distribution channel and network had to be set up due to changing demands, lacking infrastructure and a lack of security. Nestle managed these threats successfully by understanding the culture and the being aware of the lack of essentials. Joint ventures Nestlà © holds 26.4% of the shares of LOrà ©al, the worlds largest company in cosmetics and beauty. The Laboratoires Inneov is a joint venture in nutritional cosmetics between Nestlà © and LOrà ©al, and Galderma a joint venture in dermatology with LOrà ©al. Others include Cereal Partners Worldwide with General Mills, Beverage Partners Worldwide with Coca-Cola, and Dairy Partners Americas with Fonterra. SWOT analysis Strengths: Nestles LC1 division has many strengths. Their first is that they have a great CEO, Peter Brabeck. Brabeck emphasizes internal growth, meaning he wants to achieve higher volumes by renovating existing products, and innovating new products. Another strength that Nestle has is that they are low cost operators. This allows them to not only beat the competition by producing low cost products, but by also edging ahead with low operating costs. Weaknesses: The main weakness of the LC-1 division of Nestle is that they were not as successful as they thought they would be in France. The launch in France was in 1994, but since the late 1980s, Danone had already entered the market with a health-based yogurt. The second weakness is that LC-1 was positioned as too scientific, and consumers didnt quite understand that LC-1 was a food and not a drug Nestle also has multiple critical resources. They have a great research and development team. Opportunities: An opportunity that Nestle has is that health-based products are becoming more popular in the world, including in the United States. Nestle also has an opportunity of being even a larger market leader in Germany with LC-1. Within two years of launching the product in Germany, they had captured 60% of the market. This was due to the fact that they differentiated the product, and Germans simply preferred the taste. Another opportunity of LC1 is that, because they are a market leader, they can introduce more health-based products in Germany. Threats: A threat to Nestle is the fact that some markets they are entering are already mature. Danone had an established leadership position in the yogurt market in France. Since Danone was the first to arrive in the market, they have always been the market leader there. Also consumers in France liked the taste of LC-1, but researchers believe they did not repurchase the yogurt because they preferred the taste of Danone products better. Another threat to Nestle is that there is intense competition in the United States yogurt market. General Mills Yoplait division is the leader in the yogurt market in the United States. Yoplait has been the leader for years and is constantly innovating new health products. Competitors General Mills has been a strong competitor of Nestle Unilever NV (UN) A Dutch company that produces packaged foods and products for the home and personal care markets. Unilever is one of Nestles largest international competitors. Kraft Foods (KFT) A U.S. company that produces packaged foods products. Kraft is one of Nestles largest U.S. based competitors. On January 19, 2010, Kraft bought Cadbury Schweppes (CSG) for $19.5 billion, creating the largest candy company in the world and strengthening Krafts international presence. Cadbury Schweppes (CSG) is a U.K. company that produces products for the confectionery and non-alcoholic beverages markets; they compete with Nestles beverage and confectionery products internationally and in the U.S. GROUPE DANONE (DA) A French company that produces packaged foods and beverages. Groupe Danone competes with Nestle internationally and in the U.S. Hershey Foods (HSY) A U.S. company that produces chocolate and sugar confectionery products. Hershey Foods competes with Nestles confectionery brands mostly in North America.

France :: essays research papers

France   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France is a beautiful country. It has lots to do like skiing, swimming, shopping, gambling, drinking, and dining. Here are the topics I will include in my report, government, history, culture, tourist attractions, language, entertainment, transportation, climate, currency, accommodations, and travel tips. Sit back have some wine because you are about to embark on a journey, A Journey to France! Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France is a republic with a president and a premier. The president is Jacques Chirac and the premier is Alain Juppe. The legislature consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. The president appoints the premier. He also serves a 7-year term. Ages 18 and up can vote for the president and the legislature. The National Assembly consists of 577 deputies that are elected in their political division. They serve a five-year term. The senate has 319 members that are elected for a five-year term. France is divided into 22 regions, 96 metropolitan areas, 4 overseas departments, 4 overseas territories, and 2 collective territories. History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ancient times the Celts and Germanic tribes lived in France. When the romans invaded, they called France Gaul. Gaul was eventually annexed. In 400 A.D. the west roman empire's defense began to fall. After that France was an independent country. Hugh Carpet was crowned the first king of France in 987 A.D. In the 1700's the French Revolution started. The end of the French revolution marked the end of absolute power for the French kings. Napoleon seized power in 1799. He founded the first empire in 1804. He was exiled in 1814. Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1993 estimate of the French population was 57,566,091. The average population density is 105.8 people per square kilometer. The population distribution is 76% for urban areas and 26% for rural areas. Studies show that the majority prefer houses to apartments. The major religion is Roman Catholic. 99% of the French population is literate. There are 72 universities in France. Tourist Attractions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shopping is a big attraction in France. In Paris, department stores are good places to shop. In Normandy, shops have a rich selection of antiques. Sunday is a good day to shop on in Normandy because many stores have discounts. Normandy has a lot of lace too. The prices are high and the pieces are labor intensive. There are some good beaches in Normandy. It has lots of seaside coasts. There are many widely spaced resorts. On the Atlantic coast there are many waterslides, wavepools, and other water goodies. Paris has lots of culture. The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. It costs $8 to go to the top. It's open daily from 9:30 A. France :: essays research papers France   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France is a beautiful country. It has lots to do like skiing, swimming, shopping, gambling, drinking, and dining. Here are the topics I will include in my report, government, history, culture, tourist attractions, language, entertainment, transportation, climate, currency, accommodations, and travel tips. Sit back have some wine because you are about to embark on a journey, A Journey to France! Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France is a republic with a president and a premier. The president is Jacques Chirac and the premier is Alain Juppe. The legislature consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. The president appoints the premier. He also serves a 7-year term. Ages 18 and up can vote for the president and the legislature. The National Assembly consists of 577 deputies that are elected in their political division. They serve a five-year term. The senate has 319 members that are elected for a five-year term. France is divided into 22 regions, 96 metropolitan areas, 4 overseas departments, 4 overseas territories, and 2 collective territories. History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ancient times the Celts and Germanic tribes lived in France. When the romans invaded, they called France Gaul. Gaul was eventually annexed. In 400 A.D. the west roman empire's defense began to fall. After that France was an independent country. Hugh Carpet was crowned the first king of France in 987 A.D. In the 1700's the French Revolution started. The end of the French revolution marked the end of absolute power for the French kings. Napoleon seized power in 1799. He founded the first empire in 1804. He was exiled in 1814. Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1993 estimate of the French population was 57,566,091. The average population density is 105.8 people per square kilometer. The population distribution is 76% for urban areas and 26% for rural areas. Studies show that the majority prefer houses to apartments. The major religion is Roman Catholic. 99% of the French population is literate. There are 72 universities in France. Tourist Attractions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shopping is a big attraction in France. In Paris, department stores are good places to shop. In Normandy, shops have a rich selection of antiques. Sunday is a good day to shop on in Normandy because many stores have discounts. Normandy has a lot of lace too. The prices are high and the pieces are labor intensive. There are some good beaches in Normandy. It has lots of seaside coasts. There are many widely spaced resorts. On the Atlantic coast there are many waterslides, wavepools, and other water goodies. Paris has lots of culture. The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. It costs $8 to go to the top. It's open daily from 9:30 A.

Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises Essay -- Small and Medium Enter

SMALL and medium enterprises (SMEs) are broadly defined as manufacturing, manufacturing-related services (MRS) and agro-based industries that employ around 200 full-time employees or have annual sales turnover of not more than RM50mil (Chermaine, 2013). Besides, the term also refer to enterprises in the services, primary agriculture and information and communication technology industries with not more than 75 full-time employees or annual sales turnover of not more than RM20mil. According to the SME Annual Report 2012, small and medium enterprises represent 98.5% of the approximately 78,000 companies in Malaysia, with the remaining 1.5% made up of multinational and public-listed companies. In many developed nations, SMEs are thought to contribute between 40% and 60% to gross domestic product and 60% and 70% of the employment, but the SME sector in Malaysia has not reached the mark yet. The core purpose of Web services is to create an exchange of data and information between businesses in real time via the Internet, and thus can be shared with customers, suppliers and other business partners of all the information needed. It is resemblance of the business model for example e-commerce or e-business that required transaction, product catalogue, and so on between supplier, company and customer. The complex e-commerce is becoming trend as Amazon.com and eBay started it to encourage other Website within other companies using it. From that, the growing of the new software, function and features will be invented. Furthermore, the rise and development of technology and communication by using the Web to conduct business is on the rise as well. Therefore, when applied to any organization that uses web services to automatically increase the value of the market, because right now, all the benefits of working on the line will help the company in its growth There are some of those benefits that will increase the value of business. An easier and efficient e-business or e-commerce application is one of the benefit can be gained by the company which is the efficiency and the easy access of business will make business flowing good and flawless. In addition, the company or organization would be able to go in the global market. As the purpose of the company want to expand their businesses, this e-commerce will help the organization going global business as the main function is online and everyone can buy it from their home as long as the customer meets the term and condition. Finally, invented the new way to do business, as this e-commerce will allow other business sector at all fields will do the same. From this, the growth of the economics and the customer will be enjoy of the variety of product that can be bought. There are a lot of benefits of Web services to Amazon, eBay and their developer partners. The first one is it allows an explosive business growth in globally because it is not only on domestic as Web services are invented for organization to go global market. This will encourage other organization will do the same method to increase their profit. Secondly, Web services help these companies to expand their market reach as promotional activities for customer to get to know the product. Target market reach will be able for the company to find their potential customer to buy their product. Thirdly, it will give users the ability to act on information any time, any place, and from any smart device. It covers up almost everything that is available t... ...e services providers begin and other competitor have no choice to lower their price in order to compete with U Mobile and it is long debate to be spot on. Back to the topic, in Aroma Hijrah itself is the new entrant in the market. So far, NSK has to compete with new retailer which are more convenience and cheap. The price wars and offering better product and services are needed. Thus, NSK came out with an idea to cover themselves from threat of new entrant. First of all, they provide a membership cards that the customer can get 1 point in every Rm1 they spend. Once they collected at some limit, NSK will provide the customer with the special gifts and the membership also allows the customer to get member prices that is lower than non-member price. Also, NSK provide N-Card Kiosk in order to check and verify their cards and its collected points. Based from my observation, NSK tend to open their store nearest factory and industry location rather than open area for business, and this probably they want attract nearest people that do not want to go out the place to shopping. . It is cleared that, NSK and Econsave are ultimate rivalry based on their current business operation and profitable. However, only one company will always be a winner and NSK is capable on this competition as they brave enough to do a 24-hour store opened located in Selayang that could capture more customer nearby and during festive season. They also brave in reduce some price of their products in order to attract the customers. Works Cited Chermaine Poo (2013). Financing for SMEs. The Star Online. http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/SME/2013/09/27/Financing-for-SMEs/ Muhyiddin Yassin (2013). SMEs. Berita Harian Online. www.beritaharianonline.com